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FABRIC STRUCTURE AND ANALYSIS
Preface
Acknowledgements
Conversion tables
Section 1: loads and material properties of
Spatial structures
1 Loads on spatial structures
An introduction to loads
Dead loading
Imposed loading
Dynamic loads for dancing and jumping
Statistical data on loads on constructed facilities
Wind loading
Wind loading formation on spatial structures
Standards wind speeds
Internal pressure coefficient
Enclosed buildings
Additional loading criteria
Snow loading on spatial structures
Snow loads
Snow sliding down roofs
Earthquake or seismic loads on spatial structures
The world’s earthquake countries
The intensity scales
2 Material properties of spatial structures
Material properties of concrete
Characteristics of concrete
Characteristics of concrete
Characteristics strain and other properties of reinforcing bars
Comparative study of American, British and EC practices
Reinforcement, grades and strength
Welded wire fabric
Minimum reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature
Shear reinforcement
Anchorage of web reinforcement
Prestressing steel
British practice
American practice
Material properties of structural steels
British practice
American practice
Material properties of aluminum structures
British practice
American practice
Timber/wood material properties
British practice
American practice
European practice
Material properties of aluminum structures
British practice
American practice
Timber/wood material properties
British practice
American practice
European practice
Mechanical properties of glass
Type of glass
Processed glasses
Material properties of plastics, fibres and fabrics
Plastics
Fibres and fabrics
General properties of plastics and fabrics
References and bibliography
Section II: tall building frames, shear walls and lattice/ grid roof structures
3 Spatial building frames under seismic effects
Introduction
Tall buildings under seismic effects
Nature, causes and effects of earthquakes
Dynamic effects of earthquakes on rigid-framed
Structures
Dynamic effects of earthquakes on rigid-framed
Structures
Dynamic effects of earthquakes on flexibly framed
Structures
Dynamic response of multi-degree-of freedom system
Codified methods for seismic design
Finite element analysis of a 55-storey building
4. Shear walls: analysis and design
Methods of analysis
Classical method
Coupled shear walls: dhillion’s method
Analysis: slope-deflection method
Pierced shear walls: magnus method
Analysis of walls with rigid foundations
Analysis of walls with non-rigid foundations
Summary of design procedure
Rigid foundations
Non-rigid foundations without wind action
Non-rigid foundations with wind action
Flexibility method
Generalized flexibility equations
Example on the flexibility method of frames
Analysis of interconnected shear walls
Stiffness method
Method of analysis
Mathematical model
Finite element method
A comparative study of results
5 Lattice stressed skin and space grid systems for roof structures
Classification of spatial structures
Single-layered grid system
Stressed skin system
Spatial network for tube/member structures
Difference equation system of spatial grids
Equilibrium equation of grids using a direct connecting system
Comparison of continuum and finite element methods
References and bibliography
Section III shell-shaped spatial structures
6 Shell –shaped spatial structures
Characteristics of shell-shaped structures
Functioning
Shape and curvature
Boundary and edge conditions
Generalized analysis of thin shell surfaces
Assumptions made in the theory of elastic thin shells
Assumptions of the membrane theory for shells
The equations of equilibrium of the element of shell of
Revolution
Shells of revolution: ax symmetric loading
Cylindrical shell surfaces
Types of cylindrical shell surfaces
Short and long cylindrical shell surfaces
Membrane solution of domical surfaces
Equations of equilibrium of the element of a shell of revolution
Computer program: NAZAM listings
Conoidal dome’s surfaces
Computer program: conoidal domes
Elliptical dome-shaped surfaces
Toro spherical shell surfaces
Computer program: analysis of thin shells
Hyperbolic paraboloid-shaped structures
Surface definition
Geometry
Skewed hyperbolic paraboloid
Groined vault
Elliptical paraboloid shells
Cooling tower and cable net tower shell shapes
Computer program: dynamic wind pressure on cooling
Tower
Cooling tower supporting structures
Catenary type space structures
Equation of the catenary
Radius of curvature
Cycloidal shaped elements of spatial structures
Equation of cycloid: shape of the spatial strctures
Equation of cycloid: shape of the spatial structural
Element
Radius of curvature
Surface area and volume of cycloid of revolution
Folded plates
Some common shapes
Definitions
Basic assumptions
Method of analysis
Case study
Single plate under the action of transverse moment
Plate system under the action of line loads along the
Fold lines
Analysis
Behavior of single plates and plates joined along fold
Lines under various systems of actions
References and bibliography
Section IV: cable suspended, glass and fabric, net
And tensegritic structures
7 .Tension structures
General introduction
Cable-suspended structures
Pneumatic structures
Historical review of pneumatic structures
Air-supported structures
Air-inflated structures
Tensegritic structures
Application of tensegritic nets
Analysis of tensegritic structures
Net and tent structures
Films, fabrics and coated fabrics
Calculations
Development of stiffness matrix for plane frame members
Assembly of the stiffness matrix for a structure
Stiffness matrices for a straight uniform member in a space
Suspended trussed frames supporting the area roof
Calculations for a three-member network under load
Load and displacements in a pin-jointed supporting frame
Classification of connectors
The mero system
The triode tic system
Oktaplatte and okta-S systems
The nodus system
Finite element analysis of dynamic response of
Wrinkling fabric structures
Stress-strain in wrinkling
Dynamic finite element analysis of wrinkling fabrics
Membrane
Fabric structure: a case study
Glazing materials and specifications in spatial structures
Safety of glazing
Characteristics of fractures
Glass in risk areas
Properties of PVB interlayer used in laminated glass
Properties of sifcon layer
Glass plies constitutive relations
Blast design for glazing
Blast loadings on glass
Explosives and bombs
Loading model
Finite element analysis of glass-covered spatial structures
Analysis of results
Glass under explosion
Failure of a laminated glass as a strain rate material
Subjected to impact and explosion
Conclusion
References and bibliography
Section V: Methods of analysis for supporting structures
8. Methods of analysis
Flexibility method of analysis
Generalized method of analysis using a flexibility method
Flexibility of parabolic arches pinned at supports
Parabolic arches supported at different levels
Arches with fixed ends
Supports at different levels
Temperature and shrinkage in fixed arches: supports at
Different levels
Stiffness or displacement method: beams in spatial structures
Step-by-step procedure
Spatial structures
Trusses: dtiffness method
Method of tension coefficients
Space frames
Pin-connected schwedler dome using tension coefficients
The schwedler dome
Extension of the tension coefficient to domes
General formulae for supporting frames
Finite element analysis of the supporting systems
References and bibliography