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BASIC ELECTRONICS
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
1 An introduction to electronics
Introduction
A brief history of electronics
Transducers
Signals and frequency spectrum
Functional building blocks and electronic systems
Questions
2 Semiconductors, materials and junction diodes
Classification of solids
Atomic structure and energy levels
Energy levels
Extrinsic semiconductors
Conduction in metals and semiconductors
Conduction in metals
Conduction in semiconductors
Semiconductors diode
Diode under forward bias condition
Diode under reverse bias condition
Current-voltage characteristics of a p-n junction diode
Diode breakdown
Diode resistance
Circuit model of a p-n junction diode
The Ideal-diode model
The constant-voltage-drop model
Piecewise-linear model
Solved problems
Questions
3 Junction diodes and their applications
DC power supply
Rectifier circuits
The half-wave rectifier
The full-wave rectifier
The bridge rectifier
Rectifier with a shunt capacitor fitter
Rectifier with zener shunt regulator
Zener diode
Zener shunt regulator
Photodiode
Light emitting diode
Solar cells
Solved problems
Questions
4 BJTs and FETs
Introduction
Bipolar junction transistor
Physical structure and modes of operation
Principle of operation of n-p-n transistor
Relation between Ic,Ib andIb
Input and output characteristics of bipolar transistors
Circuit symbols and current conventions
Biasing of BJT and amplifier action
Fixed of Bias circuit
Bias stabilization
Self-bias circuit
Stability factors
Bias design of a well-stabilized circuit
Junction field-effect transistor
Physical structure of a JEET
Principle of operation
Current voltage characteristics of a JEFT
Bias design of JEFT
Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor
Physical structure of a MOSFET
Operation of enhancement-type MOSFET
Operation of depletion-type MOSFET
Current voltage characteristics of a MOSFET
Complementary MOSFET
Solved problems
Questions
5 Transistor biasing and small signal amplifiers
Introduction
Basic features of an amplifier
Biasing of an amplifier
Amplifier gain
Input and output resistance
Signal handling capacity
Frequency response and bandwidth
Amplifier classifications
Small signal amplifier
Voltage signal vs current signal
Large signal or power amplifer
Small signal common emitter amplifier
Coupling and bypass capacitors
Graphical analysis of small signal CE amplifier
Linearity and distortion
Small signal ac equivalent circuit
Small signal transistor models
Hybrid parameter model
Transistor re model
Hybrid –model
Amplifier analysis using small signal models
Amplifier analysis using re model-mid-frequency gain
Low-frequency response of CE amplifier
High-frequency cut-off due to device limitation
Small signal common collector (CC) amplifier
Mid –frequency gain
Input and output impedance
Small signal JFET and MOSFET amplifier
JEET amplifier
Enhancement MOSFET amplifier
Solved problems
Chapter-6 Feedback amplifiers and oscillators
Introduction
Feedback principle
Advantages of negative feedback amplifiers
Gain stability
Noise reduction
Bandwidth enhancement
Improvement in linearity and signal handling capacity
Feedback amplifier
Feedback amplifier topologies
Negative feedback amplifier circuits
Oscillators
Classification of oscillators
Principle of sinusoidal feedback oscillation
RC phase shift oscillators
Wien-bridge oscillators
High frequency LC oscillators
Non-sinusoidal oscillators
Solved problems
Questions
Chapter -7 Operational amplifiers
Introduction
Differential amplifier
Circuit configurations
Common –mode rejection ratio
Dual-input balanced-output differential amplifier
Voltage gain, input and output resistance
Constant current bias
Operational amplifier
Block diagram representation
Schematic symbol and pin configuration
The Ideal op-amp
Virtual ground concept
Parameters of op-amp
Amplifiers using operational amplifier
Inverting amplifier
Non –inverting amplifier
The summing amplifier
The difference amplifier
The buffer amplifier
Linear circuit applications of operational amplifier
Voltage-to-current and current –to-voltage converter
Integrator
Differentiator
Filter and oscillator applications of op-amp
Active filters
Oscillators
Solved problems
Questions
8 Digital logic and combinational circuits
Introduction
Binary number systems and codes
Binary-to-decimal conversion
Decimal-to-binary conversion
Hexadecimal and octal number system
Binary coded decimal (BCD) code
Basic logic gates and truth tables
OR operation
AND operation
NOT operation
NAND operation
NOR operation
Exclusive –OR (XOR) operation
Boolean algebra and De morgan’s theorem
Booleah laws
Duality theorem
De morgan’s theorems
Universality of NAND and NOR gates
Logic circuits
Sum-of-products method
Product-of sums method
Simplification of Boolean expressions
Designing combinational logic networks
Implementation of logic gates
BJT inverter (NOT gate) using transistor switch
Diode logic
Resistor transistor logic (RTL) NOR gate
Diode logic
Resistor transistor logic (RTL) NOR gate
Diode transistor logic (DTL) NAND gate
Transistor-transistor logic (ITL) NAND gate
NMOS inverter and logic gates
CMOS inverter and logic gates
Digital arithmetic
Addition of binary numbers
Subtraction of binary numbers
Multiplication of binary numbers
Binary division
The arithmetic logic unit
Solved problems
Questions
9 Sequential logic circuits
Introduction
Flip –flop
Master-slave SR flip-flop
JK flip-flop
Master-slave SR flip-flop
JK flip-flop
Master –slave JK flip-flop
D flip-flop
Registers
Types of shirt registers
Serial-parallel data transfer
Right –shift left-shift register
Counters
Asynchronous (ripple) counter
Non-binary counter
BCD decade counter
Decoding a counter
The 555 timer
Astable multivibrator
Questions
Chapter -10 Analog –to-digital-to –analog conversion
Introduction
Basic principles of analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion
Methods of analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion
Digital-ramp ADC
Successive-approximation ADC
Specifications of analog-to-digital converters
Methods of digital-to –analog conversion
Binary-weighted resistor D/A converter
Resistor ladder D/A converter
Specifications for D/A converter
Questions
Chapter-11 Data acquisition systems
Introduction
Principles of multiplexing
Sample-and-hold circuit
Multichannel data logging system
Questions
12 Memory systems
Introduction
Memory parameters
Classification and basic function of memory devices
Memory classification
Basic functions of memory devices
Memory addressing and data buses
Read-only memories
Organization of a simple diode matrix of ROM
Programmable read-only memory
Erasable programmable ROM
Electrically erasable prom
Flash memory
Applications of ROMs
Random-access memory
Organization of a RAM chip
Static RAM CELL
MOS dynamic RAM cell
Solved problems
Questions
Chapter-13 Microcomputers and microprocessors
Introduction
Evolution of microprocessor chips
Microprocessor architecture
Arithmetic and logic unit
Register array
Timing and control unit
System buses
Working of microprocessor
Microprocessor programming
Low-level languages
High- level languages
Operating systems
Microprocessor peripherals and interfacing
Common peripherals
Interfacing
Microcontrollers
Microprocessor application examples
Recent advances in microprocessor architecture
Questions
Chapter-14 Communication systems
Introduction to analog communications
Modulation schemes
Amplitude modulation
Frequency modulation
Phase modulation
Amplitude and frequency modulation: A comparison
Demodulation schemes
Demodulation principle
AM detectors
FM detectors
Introduction to digital communications
Digital system block design
Analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversions
Error-detection and digital-encoding system
Questions
Chapter-15 Fiber optics and the information age
Introduction to optical fiber
Advantages and disadvantages of optical fiber
Evolution of optical fiber
Propagation and loss mechanism in optical fiber
Manufacture of optical fiber
Sources and detectors for optical communication
Light-emitting diodes
Semiconductor lasers
Operational parameters of lasers as optical sources
General theory of optical detectors
Photo detectors and integrated optic receiver
Fiber optics in communication
Optical communication systems
Coherent optical communication systems
Broadband network integration
Multiplexing and de-multiplexing
Applications of fiber optic communication
Optoelectronics and the information age
Optical fiber-A media for information transmission
Future direction of technological advancements
Questions
Chapter-16 Fundamentals of information technology
Introduction
Storage media, database management and data mining
Storage media
Database management system
Distributed database
Data warehouse
Data mining
Computer networks
Network services
Network functions and topologies
ISDN and ATM technology
Network security
Multimedia: applications and challenges
Components of multimedia
Challenges in multimedia
Internet and web technology
History of internet
What is internet and how does it work
Internet addresses
Internet services and resources
World Wide Web technology
Electronic commerce
What is E-commerce?
How E-commerce works?
Electronic data interchange
E-commerce over the internet
E-commerce in India
E-commerce security
Internet security and ethics
Security issues
Legal issues
Professional ethical issues
Technological and social issues of IT
Technology issues
Social issues
Questions
Bibliography