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BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction

General

 Types of buildings

Components of a building

Design loads

Chapter-2 Foundations-1: general

 Introduction

Functions of foundations

Essential requirements of a good foundation

Types of foundations

Site investigation and sub-soil exploration

Methods of site exploration

Bearing capacity of soils

Analytical methods

Plate load test

Penetration tests

Presumptive bearing capacity values

From codes

Settlement of foundations

Methods of improving safe bearing pressure

Of soils

Causes of failure of foundations and remedial

Measures

Setting out foundation trenches

Excavation and timbering of foundation

Trenches

Excavations in ground with sub-soil water

Problems

 

 Chapter-3 foundations -2: shallow foundations

Introduction

Depth of footings

Strip footing

Isolated footing or pad footing

Eccentrically loaded footings

Grillage foundations

Combined footings

Strap footing or cantilever footing

Raft foundation

Foundations for black cotton soils

Footings at different levels: stepped footings

Adjacent footings

Machine foundations

Problems

Chapter-4 Foundations-3: deep foundations

Introduction

Types of piles

Cased cast-in-situ concrete piles

Uncased cast-in-situ concrete piles

Bore:piles

Precast concrete piles

Steel piles

Timber piles

Composite piles

Screw piles and disc piles

Pile driving

Load carrying capacity of piles

Pile driving

Load carrying capacity of piles

Pile load test

Pile cap

Group action in piles

Under-reamed piles

Bored compaction piles

Sand piles

Sheet piles

Coffer dams

Caissons: well foundations

Problems

 

Chapter-5 Masonry -1: stone masonry

Masonry

Definition of terms used in masonry

Materials for stone masonry

Classification of stone masonry

Dressing of stones

Appliances for lifting stones

Joints in stone masonry

Supervision of stone masonry construction

Safe permissible loads on stone masonry

Problems

 

Chapter-6 masonry-2 brick masonry

Introduction

Types of bricks

Some definitions

Bonds in bricks work

Stretcher bond

Header bond

English bond

Flemish bond

Facing bond

English cross bond

Brick on edge bond

Dutch bond

Raking bond

Zig zag bond

Garden wall bonds

Bond at connections

Bond in brick piers

Bond in footings

Tools for brick laying

Brick laying

Improved method of brick-laying

Supervision of brick work

Comparison of brick masonry and stone

Masonry

Defects in bricks masonry

Strength of brick masonry

Thickness of a brick wall

Typical structures in brick work

Buttresses

Thresholds

Window sills

Corbels

Copings

Jambs

Ornamental brick work

Brick knogging

Retaining walls and breast walls

Problems

Chapter-7 masonry-3: composite masonry

Introduction

Stone composite masonry

Brick-stone composite masonry

Concrete masonry

Hollow clay blocks masonry

Reinforced bricks masonry

Problems

Chapter-8  Load-bearing walls

Types of walls

Design considerations

Lateral support

Effective height of wall

Effective length of wall

Effective thickness

Slenderness ratio

Basic compressive stress

Structural design of walls

Design of structural analysis

Concentrated load

Stress concentration below lintel bearings

Mortar selection

Problems

 

9 Cavity walls

Introduction

General features of cavity walls

Position of cavity at foundation level

Position of cavity at eaves or parapet level

Cavity wall at openings

Wall ties

Construction of cavity wall

Cavity masonry wall

Problems

 

Chapter-10 partition walls

Introduction

Brick-partitions

Clay block partition walls

Concrete partitions

Glass partitions

Asbestos sheet or G.I. sneet partitions

Plaster slab partitions

Timber partitions

Problems

CHAPTER-11 Floors-1: ground floors

Introduction

Components of a floor

Materials for construction

Selection of flooring material

Mud flooring and muram flooring

Brick flooring

Flag stone flooring

Cement concrete flooring

Terrazzo flooring

Mosaic flooring

Tiled flooring

Marble flooring

Timber flooring

Asphalt flooring

Rubber flooring

Linoleum flooring

Cork flooring

Glass flooring

Plastic or P.V.C. flooring

Problems

 

Chapter-12 Floors-2 :upper floors

Introduction

Steel joist and stone or precast concrete

Slab floors jack arch floors

Reinforced cement concrete floors

Ribbed or hollow tiled flooring

Filler joists floors

Pre-cast concrete floors

Timber floors

Problems

 

Chapter-13 lintels and arches

Introduction

Classification of lintels

Timber lintels

Stone lintels

Bricks lintels

Steel lintels

Reinforced cement concrete lintels

Loading on lintels

Arch: terms used

Stability of an arch

Classification of arches

Stone arches

Brick arches

Concrete arches

Construction of arches

Problems

 

Chaspter-14 stairs

Introduction

Technical terms

Requirements of a good stair

Dimensions of a step

Classification of stairs

Stairs of different materials

Problems

 

Chapter-15 Roofs and roof coverings

Introduction

Types of roofs

Pitched roofs: basic elements

Types of pitched roofs

Single roofs

Double or purlin roofs

Trussed roofs

Steel roof trusses

Roof coverings for pitched roofs

Flat terraced roofing

Problems

 

16 Carpentary and joinery

Introduction

Technical terms in carpentry

Principles governing the construction of joints

Classification of joints

Lengthening joints

Widening joints

Bearing joints

Framing joints

Angle or corner joints

Oblique shouldered joints

Fastenings

Tools used in carpentry work

Problems   

 

Chapter-17 doors and windows

Introduction

Location of doors and windows

Definition of technical terms

Size of doors

Door frames

Types of doors

Windows

Types of windows

Ventilators combined with window or

Door: fan light

Fixtures and fastenings

Problems

 

Chapter-18  Shoring ,underpinning and scaffolding

Shoring

Raking shores

Flying or horizontal shores

Dead or vertical shores

Dead or vertical shores

Underpinning

Scaffolding

Problems

 

Chapter-19 Plastering and pointing

Plastering

Types of mortars for plastering

Terminology used in plastering work

Tools for plastering

Number of coats of plaster

Methods of plastering

Plaster on lath

Types of plaster finishes

Special materials used in plastering

Defects in plastering

Pointing

Problems

 

Chapter-20 Painting , distempering and whitewashing

Paints and painting

Characteristics of an ideal paint

Constituents of a paint

Classification and types of paints

Painting on different surfaces

Defects in painting

Varnishing

Distempering

White washing and colour washing

Problems

 

Chapter-21 Damp-proofing

Introduction: causes of dampness

Effects of dampness

Methods of damp proofing

Materials used for damp proofing course

D.P.C treatment in buildings

Problems

 

Chapter-22 Termite proofing

Introduction :types of termites

Anti-termite treatment

Site preparation

Soil treatment

Physical structural barriers

Post-construction treatment

Problems

Chapter-23 Fire protection

Introduction

Fire hazards

Fire load

Grading of structural elements

Grading of buildings according to fire

Resistance

Characteristics of fire resisting materials

Fire-resisting properties of common building

Materials

General fire safety requirements for buildings

Fire resistant construction

Fire alarms

Fire extinguishing equipments

Problems

 

CHAPTER-24 Thermal insulation

Introduction

Heat transfer: basic definitions

Thermal insulating materials

General methods of thermal insulation

Thermal insulation of roofs

Thermal insulation of exposed walls

Thermal insulation of exposed doors and windows

Problems

 

Chapter-25 Plain and reinforced cement concrete

Cement concrete

Classification and composition of cement

Specifications for Portland cement

Aggregates

Water

Measurement of materials

Water-cement ratio

Properties and tests on concrete

Steel reinforcement

Problems

 

26 Form-work

Introduction

Requirements

Indian standard on form work

Loads on form work

Shuttering for beam and slab floor

Form work for stairs

Form work for walls

Problems

 

27 Ventilation and airconditioning

Ventilation: definition and necessity

Functional requirements of ventilation system

System of ventilation

Natural ventilation

Mechanical ventilation

Air conditioning

Essentials of comfort air conditioning

Systems of air conditioning

Essentials of air conditioning system

Problems

 

Chapter-28 Acoustics and sound insulation

Introduction

Characteristics of audible sound

Behavior of sound in enclosures

Reflection of sound

Reverberation

Absorption

Common acoustical defects

Acoustical design of halls

Acoustics of studios

Sound insulation

Problems

 

Chapter-29 Pert and CPM

Project management

Methods of planning and programming

Bar charts

Shortcomings of bar charts and remedial

Measures

Milestone charts

Elements of network

PERT networks

CPM networks

Critical activities and critical path

CPM : cost model

 

Chapter-30 Water supply and drainage

Introduction: plumbing services

Water distribution system

Material for service pipes

Service connection

Size of service pipes

Water meter

Valves

Storage tanks

House drainage: general principles

Pipes and traps

Sanitary fittings

Systems of plumbing

House drainage plans

Septic tank

Soak pit

Problems

Index