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BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
General
Types of buildings
Components of a building
Design loads
Chapter-2 Foundations-1: general
Introduction
Functions of foundations
Essential requirements of a good foundation
Types of foundations
Site investigation and sub-soil exploration
Methods of site exploration
Bearing capacity of soils
Analytical methods
Plate load test
Penetration tests
Presumptive bearing capacity values
From codes
Settlement of foundations
Methods of improving safe bearing pressure
Of soils
Causes of failure of foundations and remedial
Measures
Setting out foundation trenches
Excavation and timbering of foundation
Trenches
Excavations in ground with sub-soil water
Problems
Chapter-3 foundations -2: shallow foundations
Introduction
Depth of footings
Strip footing
Isolated footing or pad footing
Eccentrically loaded footings
Grillage foundations
Combined footings
Strap footing or cantilever footing
Raft foundation
Foundations for black cotton soils
Footings at different levels: stepped footings
Adjacent footings
Machine foundations
Problems
Chapter-4 Foundations-3: deep foundations
Introduction
Types of piles
Cased cast-in-situ concrete piles
Uncased cast-in-situ concrete piles
Bore:piles
Precast concrete piles
Steel piles
Timber piles
Composite piles
Screw piles and disc piles
Pile driving
Load carrying capacity of piles
Pile driving
Load carrying capacity of piles
Pile load test
Pile cap
Group action in piles
Under-reamed piles
Bored compaction piles
Sand piles
Sheet piles
Coffer dams
Caissons: well foundations
Problems
Chapter-5 Masonry -1: stone masonry
Masonry
Definition of terms used in masonry
Materials for stone masonry
Classification of stone masonry
Dressing of stones
Appliances for lifting stones
Joints in stone masonry
Supervision of stone masonry construction
Safe permissible loads on stone masonry
Problems
Chapter-6 masonry-2 brick masonry
Introduction
Types of bricks
Some definitions
Bonds in bricks work
Stretcher bond
Header bond
English bond
Flemish bond
Facing bond
English cross bond
Brick on edge bond
Dutch bond
Raking bond
Zig zag bond
Garden wall bonds
Bond at connections
Bond in brick piers
Bond in footings
Tools for brick laying
Brick laying
Improved method of brick-laying
Supervision of brick work
Comparison of brick masonry and stone
Masonry
Defects in bricks masonry
Strength of brick masonry
Thickness of a brick wall
Typical structures in brick work
Buttresses
Thresholds
Window sills
Corbels
Copings
Jambs
Ornamental brick work
Brick knogging
Retaining walls and breast walls
Problems
Chapter-7 masonry-3: composite masonry
Introduction
Stone composite masonry
Brick-stone composite masonry
Concrete masonry
Hollow clay blocks masonry
Reinforced bricks masonry
Problems
Chapter-8 Load-bearing walls
Types of walls
Design considerations
Lateral support
Effective height of wall
Effective length of wall
Effective thickness
Slenderness ratio
Basic compressive stress
Structural design of walls
Design of structural analysis
Concentrated load
Stress concentration below lintel bearings
Mortar selection
Problems
9 Cavity walls
Introduction
General features of cavity walls
Position of cavity at foundation level
Position of cavity at eaves or parapet level
Cavity wall at openings
Wall ties
Construction of cavity wall
Cavity masonry wall
Problems
Chapter-10 partition walls
Introduction
Brick-partitions
Clay block partition walls
Concrete partitions
Glass partitions
Asbestos sheet or G.I. sneet partitions
Plaster slab partitions
Timber partitions
Problems
CHAPTER-11 Floors-1: ground floors
Introduction
Components of a floor
Materials for construction
Selection of flooring material
Mud flooring and muram flooring
Brick flooring
Flag stone flooring
Cement concrete flooring
Terrazzo flooring
Mosaic flooring
Tiled flooring
Marble flooring
Timber flooring
Asphalt flooring
Rubber flooring
Linoleum flooring
Cork flooring
Glass flooring
Plastic or P.V.C. flooring
Problems
Chapter-12 Floors-2 :upper floors
Introduction
Steel joist and stone or precast concrete
Slab floors jack arch floors
Reinforced cement concrete floors
Ribbed or hollow tiled flooring
Filler joists floors
Pre-cast concrete floors
Timber floors
Problems
Chapter-13 lintels and arches
Introduction
Classification of lintels
Timber lintels
Stone lintels
Bricks lintels
Steel lintels
Reinforced cement concrete lintels
Loading on lintels
Arch: terms used
Stability of an arch
Classification of arches
Stone arches
Brick arches
Concrete arches
Construction of arches
Problems
Chaspter-14 stairs
Introduction
Technical terms
Requirements of a good stair
Dimensions of a step
Classification of stairs
Stairs of different materials
Problems
Chapter-15 Roofs and roof coverings
Introduction
Types of roofs
Pitched roofs: basic elements
Types of pitched roofs
Single roofs
Double or purlin roofs
Trussed roofs
Steel roof trusses
Roof coverings for pitched roofs
Flat terraced roofing
Problems
16 Carpentary and joinery
Introduction
Technical terms in carpentry
Principles governing the construction of joints
Classification of joints
Lengthening joints
Widening joints
Bearing joints
Framing joints
Angle or corner joints
Oblique shouldered joints
Fastenings
Tools used in carpentry work
Problems
Chapter-17 doors and windows
Introduction
Location of doors and windows
Definition of technical terms
Size of doors
Door frames
Types of doors
Windows
Types of windows
Ventilators combined with window or
Door: fan light
Fixtures and fastenings
Problems
Chapter-18 Shoring ,underpinning and scaffolding
Shoring
Raking shores
Flying or horizontal shores
Dead or vertical shores
Dead or vertical shores
Underpinning
Scaffolding
Problems
Chapter-19 Plastering and pointing
Plastering
Types of mortars for plastering
Terminology used in plastering work
Tools for plastering
Number of coats of plaster
Methods of plastering
Plaster on lath
Types of plaster finishes
Special materials used in plastering
Defects in plastering
Pointing
Problems
Chapter-20 Painting , distempering and whitewashing
Paints and painting
Characteristics of an ideal paint
Constituents of a paint
Classification and types of paints
Painting on different surfaces
Defects in painting
Varnishing
Distempering
White washing and colour washing
Problems
Chapter-21 Damp-proofing
Introduction: causes of dampness
Effects of dampness
Methods of damp proofing
Materials used for damp proofing course
D.P.C treatment in buildings
Problems
Chapter-22 Termite proofing
Introduction :types of termites
Anti-termite treatment
Site preparation
Soil treatment
Physical structural barriers
Post-construction treatment
Problems
Chapter-23 Fire protection
Introduction
Fire hazards
Fire load
Grading of structural elements
Grading of buildings according to fire
Resistance
Characteristics of fire resisting materials
Fire-resisting properties of common building
Materials
General fire safety requirements for buildings
Fire resistant construction
Fire alarms
Fire extinguishing equipments
Problems
CHAPTER-24 Thermal insulation
Introduction
Heat transfer: basic definitions
Thermal insulating materials
General methods of thermal insulation
Thermal insulation of roofs
Thermal insulation of exposed walls
Thermal insulation of exposed doors and windows
Problems
Chapter-25 Plain and reinforced cement concrete
Cement concrete
Classification and composition of cement
Specifications for Portland cement
Aggregates
Water
Measurement of materials
Water-cement ratio
Properties and tests on concrete
Steel reinforcement
Problems
26 Form-work
Introduction
Requirements
Indian standard on form work
Loads on form work
Shuttering for beam and slab floor
Form work for stairs
Form work for walls
Problems
27 Ventilation and airconditioning
Ventilation: definition and necessity
Functional requirements of ventilation system
System of ventilation
Natural ventilation
Mechanical ventilation
Air conditioning
Essentials of comfort air conditioning
Systems of air conditioning
Essentials of air conditioning system
Problems
Chapter-28 Acoustics and sound insulation
Introduction
Characteristics of audible sound
Behavior of sound in enclosures
Reflection of sound
Reverberation
Absorption
Common acoustical defects
Acoustical design of halls
Acoustics of studios
Sound insulation
Problems
Chapter-29 Pert and CPM
Project management
Methods of planning and programming
Bar charts
Shortcomings of bar charts and remedial
Measures
Milestone charts
Elements of network
PERT networks
CPM networks
Critical activities and critical path
CPM : cost model
Chapter-30 Water supply and drainage
Introduction: plumbing services
Water distribution system
Material for service pipes
Service connection
Size of service pipes
Water meter
Valves
Storage tanks
House drainage: general principles
Pipes and traps
Sanitary fittings
Systems of plumbing
House drainage plans
Septic tank
Soak pit
Problems
Index