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ELEMENTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
1 An introduction to civil engineering
Introduction
History of the civil engineering
Sub-disciplines of civil engineering
Conclusion
Review question
Part I building materials
2 building materials: an overview
Introduction
Historical development
Classification
Properties of building materials
Most common building materials
Uses of building materials
Conclusion
Review questions
3 Ferrous and non-ferrous metals
Introduction
Ferrous metals
Different ferrous metals or iron
Pig iron
Cast iron
Wrought iron
Steel
Non-ferrous metals
Aluminum
Lead
Copper
Conclusion
Review questions
4 Allows
Introduction
Important alloys
Steel alloys
Aluminium alloys
Copper alloys
Nickel alloys
Magnesium alloys
Bronze alloys
Conclusion
Review questions
5 Bricks
Introduction
History of development
Classification of bricks
Qualities of first class bricks
Qualities of second class bricks
Qualities of third class bricks
Optimal dimension of bricks
Ingredients bricks earth
Process of manufacturing bricks
Conclusion
Review questions
6 Cement
Introduction
Historical background
Portland cement
Chemical composition of cement
Properties of cement
Precautions in storage of cement
Uses of cement
Conclusion
Review questions
7 Introductions
Classification of rocks
Geological classification
Chemical classification
Building stones and uses
Stone quarrying
Quarrying by hand tools
Quarrying with channeling machine
Quarrying by blasting
Selection of stones
Qualities of good building stones
Deterioration of stones
Artificial stones
Conclusion
Review questions
8 Timbers
Introduction
Qualities of good timber
Preservation of timber
Characteristics of hard wood and soft wood
Seasoning of timber
Storage of timber
Commercial timbers
Uses of timber
Conclusion
Review question
9 Sand and lime
Introduction
Classification and sources of sand
Bulking of sand
Properties of good sand
Lime
Sources of lime
Classification of limes
Characteristics of good lime
Uses of lime in general
Conclusion
Review questions
10 Paints, plasters of paris and plastics
Introduction
Characteristics of good paints
Ingredients of paints
Types of paints
Objectives of planning
Plaster of pairs
Classification of plastics
Properties /advantages of plastics
Methods of making commercial articles from plastics
Uses of plastics
Conclusion
Review questions
11 Gypsum, tiles, damp and termite proof measure
Introduction
Gypsum
Properties of gypsum
Uses of gypsum
Uses of gypsum
Tiles
Characteristics or properties of tiles
Uses of tiles
Damp proof course (DPC)
Sources of dampness in building
Effects of dampness
Presentation of dampness: use of DPC
Requirements of good DPCs
Termite control
Termite control measurement in proposed building
Termite control measurement in existing building
Conclusion
Review questions
12 Glass, thermal insulation and acoustics in building
Introduction
Classification of glass
Uses of glass
Thermal insulation
Common insulating materials
Properties of the materials
Acoustics treatment
Basic requirements of acoustic treatment of building
Factors affecting the acoustic design of building
Conclusions
Review questions
Part-II Building development and construction
13 Building construction and architecture
Introduction
Development of building
Selection of site
Soil testing to determine the bearing capacity
Bearing capacity of different types of soil
Different loads considered in building design
Types of foundation in building
Other development and constructions of buildings
Building construction and management practices
Architecture
Historical development of architecture
Modern architecture
Conclusion
Review questions
14 types of building
Introduction historical development of building
Types of building
Residential building s
Educational buildings
Institutional buildings
Assembly buildings
Business buildings
Mercantile buildings
Industrial buildings
Storage buildings
Hazardous buildings
Other types of buildings
RCC building
Assam type building
Conclusion
Review questions
15 Water supply, sanitary and electrical works in building
Introduction
Water supply system
Precautions in laying the pipes
Services pipe materials
Water supply layout of a building
House drainage
Septic tank
Soak pit
Sanitary fittings and appliances
Traps
Gully trap
Intercepting trap
Grease trap
Grease trap
Silt trap
Electrical works in building
Wiring materials
Electrical fittings
Systems of wiring
Safety precautions in house wiring
Conclusions
Review questions
16 Fire and earthquake protection in building
Introduction
Fire protection in building
Structural and architectural safety requirements of fire resistive structures
Fire exit requirements
The earthquake
Earthquake measuring instrument
Focus and epicenter of earthquake
Magnitude of earthquakes in Indian subcontinent
Forces and acceleration on building due to earthquake
Building response characteristics
Building drift
Conclusion
Review questions
17 Introduction of green buildings
Introduction
Main intents of making a building green
Reduction of environment impact
Participation in implementation of green building constructions
Important aspects of green building projects
Green building certifying bodies and rating systems
Green buildings in India
Conclusion
Review questions
Part III surveying
18 surveying –A glimpse
Introduction
Divisions of surveying
Plane surveying
Geodetic surveying
Classification of surveying
Classification based on function and purpose of surveying
Classification based on instruments used
Principles of surveying
Locating a point from two other known points
Working from the whole to the port
Basic measurements in surveying
Basic methods used in surveying
Methods for fixing position in the horizontal plane
Methods of determining heights
Conclusion
Review questions
19 Linear measurements and errors
Introduction
Methods of linear measurements
Chaining instruments
Distance measurements: taping and chaining
Moderately flat ground taping or chaining on
Direct method of measurement in sloping ground
Indirect method
Types of error and correction
Errors in chaining and taping
Chain or tape corrections
Correction for absolute length or standardization
Correction for temperature
Correction for slope
Correction for pull or tension
Correction for sag
Conclusion
Review questions
20 Compass surveying
Introduction
Angular measurement using compass
Whole circle bearing and reduced bearing
Fore bearing and back bearing
Angles between two lines from bearings and bearing from angles
Magnetic compass: measurement of bearings
Prismatic compass
Steps used to measure bearing by prismatic compass
Dip of a magnetic needle
Magnetic declination
Loacal attraction
Detection and correction of local attraction
Conclusions
Review questions
21 Traverse surveying
Introduction
Chain traversing
Chain and compass traversing
Closing error and adjustments
Adjustments
Latitude and departure
Calculation of latitude and departure of closed traverse lines
Conclusions
Review questions
22 Leveling
Introduction
Types of leveling instruments
Dumpy level
Adjustment of level
Temporary adjustment
Leveling staff
Sopwith telescopic metric staff
Folding staff
Terms in leveling
Level books and entries of field works
Methods of leveling
Height of instrument method
Rise and fall method
Conclusion
Review questions
23 Modern surveying equipments
Introduction
Initial development of EDM instruments
Basic theory : electromagnetic waves
Phase of the wave
Measurement of distance from phase difference
Types of EDM instruments
Total station and uses
Conclusions
Review questions
24 Photogrammetry ,remote sensing and GPS
Introduction
Photogrammetry
Remote sensing
Global positioning system
Method of operation
Geographic information system
Digital terrain models
Conclusions
Review questions
Part IV highway engineering
25 Highway and ideal cross-section
Introduction
Historical background of road or highway
Classification of roads
National highways
Major district roads
Other district roads
Village roads
Ideal cross-sections
Related terms of cross-section
Conclusion
Review questions
26 Pavements and roads
Introduction
Types of pavement
Rigid pavement
Semi-rigid pavement
Composite pavement
Comparison of flexible and rigid pavements
Types of road
Earth roads
Gravel roads
Water bound macadam road
Bituminous roads
Conclusions
Review questions
27 Traffic control mechanisms
Introduction
Traffic control mechanisms or devices
Dividers
Traffic rotary
Shapes of rotary island
Road signs
Road sign in India
Regulatory signs
Warning signs
Informatory signs
Conclusions
Review questions
Index