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1. Introduction ...1–15
1. Definition. 2. Classifications of Machine Design.
3. General Considerations in Machine Design.
4. General Procedure in Machine Design.
5. Fundamental Units. 6. Derived Units. 7. System of
Units. 8. S.I Units (International System of Units).
9. Metre. 10. Kilogram. 11. Second. 12. Presentation
of Units and their values. 13. Rules for S.I. Units.
14. Mass and Weight. 15. Inertia. 16. Laws of Motion.
17. Force. 18. Absolute and Gravitational Units of
Force. 19. Moment of a Force. 20. Couple. 21. Mass
Density. 22. Mass Moment of Inertia. 23. Angular
Momentum. 24. Torque. 25. Work. 26. Power.
27. Energy.
2. Engineering Materials and Their Properties ...16–52
1. Introduction. 2. Classification of Engineering
Materials. 3. Selection of Materials for Engineering
Purposes. 4. Physical Properties of Metals.
5. Mechanical Properties of Metals. 6. Ferrous Metals.
7. Cast Iron. 8. Types of Cast Iron. 9. Alloy Cast Iron.
10. Effect of Impurities on Cast Iron. 11. Wrought Iron.
12. Steel. 13. Steels Designated on the Basis of
Mechanical Properties. 14. Steels Designated on the
Basis of Chemical Composition. 15. Effect of Impurities
on Steel. 16. Free Cutting Steels. 17. Alloy Steels.
18. Indian Standard Designation of Low and Medium
Alloy Steels. 19. Stainless Steel. 20. Heat Resisting
Steels. 21. Indian Standard Designation of High Alloy
Steels (Stainless Steel and Heat Resisting Steel).
22. High Speed Tool Steels. 23. Indian Standard
Designation of High Speed Tool Steel. 24. Spring Steels.
25. Heat Treatment of Steels. 26. Non-ferrous Metals.
27. Aluminium. 28. Aluminium Alloys. 29. Copper.
30. Copper Alloys. 31. Gun Metal. 32. Lead. 33. Tin.
34. Bearing Metals. 35. Zinc Base Alloys. 36. Nickel
Base Alloys. 37. Non-metallic Materials.
CONTENTS
(viii)
3. Manufacturing Considerations in Machine Design ...53–86
1. Introduction. 2. Manufacturing Processes.
3. Casting. 4. Casting Design. 5. Forging. 6. Forging
Design. 7. Mechanical Working of Metals. 8. Hot
Working. 9. Hot Working Processes. 10. Cold Working.
11. Cold Working Processes. 12. Interchangeability.
13. Important Terms Used in Limit System. 14. Fits.
15. Types of Fits. 16. Basis of Limit System. 17. Indian
Standard System of Limits and Fits. 18. Calculation of
Fundamental Deviation for Shafts. 19. Calculation of
Fundamental Deviation for Holes. 20. Surface
Roughness and its Measurement. 21. Preferred
Numbers.
4. Simple Stresses in Machine Parts ...87–119
1. Introduction. 2. Load. 3. Stress. 4. Strain. 5. Tensile
Stress and Strain. 6. Compressive Stress and Strain.
7. Young's Modulus or Modulus of Elasticity. 8. Shear
Stress and Strain 9. Shear Modulus or Modulus of
Rigidity. 10. Bearing Stress. 11. Stress-strain Diagram.
12. Working Stress. 13. Factor of Safety. 14. Selection
of Factor of Safety. 15. Stresses in Composite Bars.
16. Stresses Due to Change in Temperature—Thermal
Stresses. 17. Linear and Lateral Strain. 18. Poisson's
Ratio. 19. Volumetric Strain. 20. Bulk Modulus.
21. Relation Between Bulk Modulus and Young's
Modulus. 22. Relation Between Young's Modulus and
Modulus of Rigidity. 23. Impact Stress. 24. Resilience.
5. Torsional and Bending Stresses in Machine Parts ...120–180
1. Introduction. 2. Torsional Shear Stress. 3. Shafts in
Series and Parallel. 4. Bending Stress in Straight Beams.
5. Bending Stress in Curved Beams. 6. Principal Stresses
and Principal Planes. 7. Determination of Principal
Stresses for a Member Subjected to Bi-axial Stress.
8. Application of Principal Stresses in Designing
Machine Members. 9. Theories of Failure Under Static
Load. 10. Maximum Principal or Normal Stress Theory
(Rankine’s Theory). 11. Maximum Shear Stress Theory
(Guest’s or Tresca’s Theory). 12. Maximum Principal
Strain Theory (Saint Venant’s Theory). 13. Maximum
Strain Energy Theory (Haigh’s Theory). 14. Maximum
Distortion Energy Theory (Hencky and Von Mises
Theory). 15. Eccentric Loading—Direct and Bending
Stresses Combined. 16. Shear Stresses in Beams.
(ix)
6. Variable Stresses in Machine Parts ...181–223
1. Introduction. 2. Completely Reversed or Cyclic
Stresses. 3. Fatigue and Endurance Limit. 4. Effect of
Loading on Endurance Limit—Load Factor. 5. Effect of
Surface Finish on Endurance Limit—Surface Finish
Factor. 6. Effect of Size on Endurance Limit—Size
Factor. 7. Effect of Miscellaneous Factors on Endurance
Limit. 8. Relation Between Endurance Limit and
Ultimate Tensile Strength. 9. Factor of Safety for Fatigue
Loading. 10. Stress Concentration. 11. Theoretical or
Form Stress Concentration Factor. 12. Stress
Concentration due to Holes and Notches. 13. Methods
of Reducing Stress Concentration. 14. Factors to be
Considered while Designing Machine Parts to Avoid
Fatigue Failure. 15. Stress Concentration Factor for
Various Machine Members. 16. Fatigue Stress
Concentration Factor. 17. Notch Sensitivity.
18. Combined Steady and Variable Stresses. 19. Gerber
Method for Combination of Stresses. 20. Goodman
Method for Combination of Stresses. 21. Soderberg
Method for Combination of Stresses. 22. Combined
Variable Normal Stress and Variable Shear Stress.
23. Application of Soderberg's Equation.
7. Pressure Vessels ...224–260
1. Introduction. 2. Classification of Pressure Vessels.
3. Stresses in a Thin Cylindrical Shell due to an Internal
Pressure. 4. Circumferential or Hoop Stress.
5. Longitudinal Stress. 6. Change in Dimensions of a
Thin Cylindrical Shell due to an Internal Pressure.
7. Thin Spherical Shells Subjected to an Internal
Pressure. 8. Change in Dimensions of a Thin Spherical
Shell due to an Internal Pressure. 9. Thick Cylindrical
Shell Subjected to an Internal Pressure. 10. Compound
Cylindrical Shells. 11. Stresses in Compound
Cylindrical Shells. 12. Cylinder Heads and Cover
Plates.
8. Pipes and Pipe Joints ...261–280
1. Introduction. 2. Stresses in Pipes. 3. Design of Pipes.
4. Pipe Joints. 5. Standard Pipe Flanges for Steam.
6. Hydraulic Pipe Joint for High Pressures. 7. Design
of Circular Flanged Pipe Joint. 8. Design of Oval
Flanged Pipe Joint. 9. Design of Square Flanged Pipe
Joint.
(x)
9. Riveted Joints ...281–340
1. Introduction. 2. Methods of Riveting. 3. Material of
Rivets. 4. Essential Qualities of a Rivet. 5. Manufacture
of Rivets. 6. Types of Rivet Heads. 7. Types of Riveted
Joints. 8. Lap Joint. 9. Butt Joint. 10. Important Terms
Used in Riveted Joints. 11. Caulking and Fullering.
12. Failures of a Riveted Joint. 13. Strength of a Riveted
Joint. 14. Efficiency of a Riveted Joint. 15. Design of
Boiler Joints. 16. Assumptions in Designing Boiler
Joints. 17. Design of Longitudinal Butt Joint for a Boiler.
18. Design of Circumferential Lap Joint for a Boiler.
19. Recommended Joints for Pressure Vessels.
20. Riveted Joint for Structural Use – Joints of Uniform
Strength (Lozenge Joint). 21. Eccentric Loaded Riveted
Joint.
10. Welded Joints ...341–376
1. Introduction. 2. Advantages and Disadvantages of
Welded Joints over Riveted Joints. 3. Welding
Processes. 4. Fusion Welding. 5. Thermit Welding.
6. Gas Welding. 7. Electric Arc Welding. 8. Forge
Welding. 9. Types of Welded Joints. 10. Lap Joint.
11. Butt Joint. 12. Basic Weld Symbols.
13. Supplementary Weld Symbols. 14. Elements of a
Weld Symbol. 15. Standard Location of Elements of a
Welding Symbol. 16. Strength of Transverse Fillet
Welded Joints. 17. Strength of Parallel Fillet Welded
Joints. 18. Special Cases of Fillet Welded Joints.
19. Strength of Butt Joints. 20. Stresses for Welded
Joints. 21. Stress Concentration Factor for Welded
Joints. 22. Axially Loaded Unsymmetrical Welded
Sections. 23. Eccentrically Loaded Welded Joints.
24. Polar Moment of Inertia and Section Modulus of
Welds.
11. Screwed Joints ...377–430
1. Introduction. 2. Advantages and Disadvantages of
Screwed Joints. 3. Important Terms used in Screw
Threads. 4. Forms of Screw Threads. 5. Location of
Screwed Joints. 6. Common Types of Screw Fastenings.
7. Locking Devices. 8. Designation of Screw Threads.
9. Standard Dimensions of Screw Threads. 10. Stresses
in Screwed Fastening due to Static Loading. 11. Initial
Stresses due to Screwing Up Forces. 12. Stresses due
to External Forces. 13. Stress due to Combined Forces.
14. Design of Cylinder Covers. 15. Boiler Stays.
16. Bolts of Uniform Strength. 17. Design of a Nut.
(xi)
18. Bolted Joints under Eccentric Loading. 19. Eccentric
Load Acting Parallel to the Axis of Bolts. 20. Eccentric
Load Acting Perpendicular to the Axis of Bolts.
21. Eccentric Load on a Bracket with Circular Base.
22. Eccentric Load Acting in the Plane Containing the
Bolts.
12. Cotter and Knuckle Joints ...431–469
1. Introduction. 2. Types of Cotter Joints. 3. Socket
and Spigot Cotter Joint. 4. Design of Socket and Spigot
Cotter Joint. 5. Sleeve and Cotter Joint. 6. Design of
Sleeve and Cotter Joint. 7. Gib and Cotter Joint.
8. Design of Gib and Cotter Joint for Strap End of a
Connecting Rod. 9. Design of Gib and Cotter Joint for
Square Rods. 10. Design of Cotter Joint to Connect
Piston Rod and Crosshead. 11. Design of Cotter
Foundation Bolt. 12. Knuckle Joint.13. Dimensions of
Various Parts of the Knuckle Joint.14. Methods of
Failure of Knuckle Joint. 15. Design Procedure of
Knuckle Joint. 16. Adjustable Screwed Joint for Round
Rods (Turn Buckle). 17. Design of Turn Buckle.
13. Keys and Coupling ...470–508
1. Introduction. 2. Types of Keys. 3. Sunk Keys.
4. Saddle Keys. 5. Tangent Keys. 6. Round Keys.
7. Splines. 8. Forces acting on a Sunk Key. 9. Strength
of a Sunk Key. 10. Effect of Keyways. 11. Shaft
Couplings. 12. Requirements of a Good Shaft Coupling.
13. Types of Shaft Couplings. 14. Sleeve or Muff
Coupling. 15. Clamp or Compression Coupling.
16. Flange Coupling. 17. Design of Flange Coupling.
18. Flexible Coupling. 19. Bushed Pin Flexible
Coupling. 20. Oldham Coupling. 21. Universal
Coupling.
14. Shafts ...509–557
1. Introduction. 2. Material Used for Shafts.
3. Manufacturing of Shafts. 4. Types of Shafts.
5. Standard Sizes of Transmission Shafts. 6. Stresses in
Shafts. 7. Maximum Permissible Working Stresses for
Transmission Shafts. 8. Design of Shafts. 9. Shafts
Subjected to Twisting Moment Only. 10. Shafts
Subjected to Bending Moment Only. 11. Shafts
Subjected to Combined Twisting Moment and Bending
Moment. 12. Shafts Subjected to Fluctuating Loads.
13. Shafts Subjected to Axial Load in addition to
Combined Torsion and Bending Loads. 14. Design of
Shafts on the Basis of Rigidity.
(xii)
15. Levers ...558–599
1. Introduction. 2. Application of Levers in Engineering
Practice. 3. Design of a Lever. 4. Hand Levers. 5. Foot
Lever. 6. Cranked Lever. 7. Lever for a Lever Safety
Valve. 8. Bell Crank Lever. 9. Rocker Arm for Exhaust
Valve. 10. Miscellaneous Levers.
16. Columns and Struts ...600–623
1. Introduction. 2. Failure of a Column or Strut. 3. Types
of End Conditions of Columns. 4. Euler’s Column
Theory. 5. Assumptions in Euler’s Column Theory.
6. Euler’s Formula. 7. Slenderness Ratio. 8. Limitations
of Euler’s Formula. 9. Equivalent Length of a Column.
10. Rankine’s Formula for Columns. 11. Johnson’s
Formula for Columns. 12. Long Columns Subjected to
Eccentric Loading. 13. Design of Piston Rod. 14. Design
of Push Rods. 15. Design of Connecting Rod. 16. Forces
Acting on a Connecting Rod.
17. Power Screws ...624–676
1. Introduction. 2. Types of Screw Threads used for
Power Screws. 3. Multiple Threads. 4. Torque Required
to Raise Load by Square Threaded Screws. 5. Torque
Required to Lower Load by Square Threaded Screws.
6. Efficiency of Square Threaded Screws. 7. Maximum
Efficiency of Square Threaded Screws. 8. Efficiency vs.
Helix Angle. 9. Overhauling and Self-locking Screws.
10. Efficiency of Self Locking Screws. 11. Coefficient
of Friction. 12. Acme or Trapezoidal Threads.
13. Stresses in Power Screws. 14. Design of Screw Jack.
15. Differential and Compound Screws.
18. Flat Belt Drives ...677–714
1. Introduction. 2. Selection of a Belt Drive. 3. Types
of Belt Drives. 4. Types of Belts. 5. Material used for
Belts. 6. Working Stresses in Belts. 7. Density of Belt
Materials. 8. Belt Speed. 9. Coefficient of Friction
Between Belt and Pulley 10. Standard Belt Thicknesses
and Widths. 11. Belt Joints. 12. Types of Flat Belt
Drives. 13. Velocity Ratio of a Belt Drive. 14. Slip of
the Belt. 15. Creep of Belt. 16. Length of an Open Belt
Drive. 17. Length of a Cross Belt Drive. 18. Power
transmitted by a Belt. 19. Ratio of Driving Tensions for
Flat Belt Drive. 20. Centrifugal Tension. 21. Maximum
Tension in the Belt. 22. Condition for Transmission of
Maximum Power. 23. Initial Tension in the Belt.
(xiii)
19. Flat Belt Pulleys ...715–726
1. Introduction. 2. Types of Pulleys for Flat Belts.
3. Cast Iron Pulleys. 4. Steel Pulleys. 5. Wooden
Pulleys. 6. Paper Pulleys. 7. Fast and Loose Pulleys.
8. Design of Cast Iron Pulleys.
20. V-Belt and Rope Drives ...727–758
1. Introduction. 2. Types of V-belts and Pulleys.
3. Standard Pitch Lengths of V-belts. 4. Advantages and
Disadvantages of V-belt Drive over Flat Belt Drive.
5. Ratio of Driving Tensions for V-belt. 6. V-flat Drives.
7. Rope Drives. 8. Fibre Ropes. 9. Advantages of Fibre
Rope Drives. 10. Sheave for Fibre Ropes. 11. Ratio of
Driving Tensions for Fibre Rope. 12. Wire Ropes.
13. Advantages of Wire Ropes. 14. Construction of
Wire Ropes. 15. Classification of Wire Ropes.
16. Designation of Wire Ropes. 17. Properties of Wire
Ropes. 18. Diameter of Wire and Area of Wire
Rope.19. Factor of Safety for Wire Ropes.20. Wire Rope
Sheaves and Drums. 21. Wire Rope Fasteners.
22. Stresses in Wire Ropes. 23. Procedure for Designing
a Wire Rope.
21. Chain Drives ...759–775
1. Introduction. 2. Advantages and Disadvantages of
Chain Drive over Belt or Rope Drive. 3. Terms Used
in Chain Drive. 4. Relation Between Pitch and Pitch
Circle Diameter. 5. Velocity Ratio of Chain Drives.
6. Length of Chain and Centre Distance.
7. Classification of Chains. 8. Hoisting and Hauling
Chains. 9. Conveyor Chains. 10. Power Transmitting
Chains. 11. Characteristics of Roller Chains. 12. Factor
of Safety for Chain Drives. 13. Permissible Speed of
Smaller Sprocket. 14. Power Transmitted by Chains.
15. Number of Teeth on the Smaller or Driving Sprocket
or Pinion. 16. Maximum Speed for Chains.
17. Principal Dimensions of Tooth Profile. 18. Design
Procedure for Chain Drive.
22. Flywheel ...776–819
1. Introduction. 2. Coefficient of Fluctuation of Speed.
3. Fluctuation of Energy. 4. Maximum Fluctuation of
Energy. 5. Coefficient of Fluctuation of Energy.
6. Energy Stored in a Flywheel. 7. Stresses in a Flywheel
Rim. 8. Stresses in Flywheel Arms. 9. Design of
Flywheel Arms. 10. Design of Shaft, Hub and Key.
11. Construction of Flywheels.
(xiv)
23. Springs ...820–884
1. Introduction. 2. Types of Springs. 3. Material for
Helical Springs. 4. Standard Size of Spring Wire.
5. Terms used in Compression Springs. 6. End
Connections for Compression Helical Springs. 7. End
Connections for Tension Helical Springs. 8. Stresses
in Helical Springs of Circular Wire. 9. Deflection of
Helical Springs of Circular Wire. 10. Eccentric Loading
of Springs. 11. Buckling of Compression Springs.
12. Surge in Springs. 13. Energy Stored in Helical
Springs of Circular Wire. 14. Stress and Deflection in
Helical Springs of Non-circular Wire. 15. Helical
Springs Subjected to Fatigue Loading. 16. Springs in
Series. 17. Springs in Parallel. 18. Concentric or
Composite Springs. 19. Helical Torsion Springs.
20. Flat Spiral Springs. 21. Leaf Springs.
22. Construction of Leaf Springs. 23. Equalised Stresses
in Spring Leaves (Nipping). 24. Length of Leaf Spring
Leaves. 25. Standard Sizes of Automobile Suspension
Springs. 26. Material for Leaf Springs.
24. Clutchces ...885–916
1. Introduction. 2. Types of Clutches. 3. Positive
Clutches. 4. Friction Clutches. 5. Material for Friction
Surfaces. 6. Considerations in Designing a Friction
Clutch. 7. Types of Friction Clutches. 8. Single Disc or
Plate Clutch. 9. Design of a Disc or Plate Clutch.
10. Multiple Disc Clutch. 11. Cone Clutch. 12. Design
of a Cone Clutch. 13. Centrifugal Clutch. 14. Design
of a Centrifugal Clutch.
25. Brakes ...917–961
1. Introduction. 2. Energy Absorbed by a Brake. 3. Heat
to be Dissipated during Braking. 4. Materials for Brake
Lining. 5. Types of Brakes. 6. Single Block or Shoe
Brake. 7. Pivoted Block or Shoe Brake. 8. Double Block
or Shoe Brake. 9. Simple Band Brake. 10. Differential
Band Brake. 11. Band and Block Brake. 12. Internal
Expanding Brake.
26. Sliding Contact Bearings ...962–995
1. Introduction.2. Classification of Bearings. 3. Types
of Sliding Contact Bearings.4. Hydrodynamic
Lubricated Bearings. 5. Assumptions in Hydrodynamic
Lubricated Bearings. 6. Important Factors for the
Formation of Thick Oil Film in Hydrodynamic
Lubricated Bearings. 7. Wedge Film Journal Bearings.
8. Squeeze Film Journal Bearings. 9. Properties of
Sliding Contact Bearing Materials.10. Materials used
for Sliding Contact Bearings.11. Lubricants.
(xv)
12. Properties of Lubricants.13. Terms used in
Hydrodynamic Journal Bearings.14. Bearing
Characteristic Number and Bearing Modulus for
Journal Bearings. 15. Coefficient of Friction for Journal
Bearings.16. Critical Pressure of the Journal Bearing.
17. Sommerfeld Number. 18. Heat Generated in a
Journal Bearing. 19. Design Procedure for Journal
Bearings. 20. Solid Journal Bearing. 21. Bushed
Bearing. 22. Split Bearing or Plummer Block.
23. Design of Bearing Caps and Bolts. 24. Oil Grooves.
25. Thrust Bearings. 26. Foot-step or Pivot Bearings.
27. Collar Bearings.
27. Rolling Contact Bearings ...996–1020
1. Introduction. 2. Advantages and Disadvantages of
Rolling Contact Bearings Over Sliding Contact
Bearings. 3. Types of Rolling Contact Bearings. 4. Types
of Radial Ball Bearings. 5. Standard Dimensions and
Designation of Ball Bearings. 6. Thrust Ball Bearings.
7. Types of Roller Bearings. 8. Basic Static Load Rating
of Rolling Contact Bearings. 9. Static Equivalent Load
for Rolling Contact Bearings. 10. Life of a Bearing.
11. Basic Dynamic Load Rating of Rolling Contact
Bearings. 12. Dynamic Equivalent Load for Rolling
Contact Bearings. 13. Dynamic Load Rating for Rolling
Contact Bearings under Variable Loads. 14. Reliability
of a Bearing. 15. Selection of Radial Ball Bearings.
16. Materials and Manufacture of Ball and Roller
Bearings. 17. Lubrication of Ball and Roller Bearings.
28. Spur Gears ...1021–1065
1. Introduction. 2. Friction Wheels. 3. Advantages and
Disadvantages of Gear Drives. 4. Classification of
Gears.5. Terms used in Gears. 6. Condition for Constant
Velocity Ratio of Gears–Law of Gearing. 7. Forms of
Teeth. 8. Cycloidal Teeth. 9. Involute Teeth.
10. Comparison Between Involute and Cycloidal
Gears.11. Systems of Gear Teeth.12. Standard
Proportions of Gear Systems.13. Interference in
Involute Gears.14. Minimum Number of Teeth on the
Pinion in order to Avoid Interference.15. Gear
Materials. 16. Design Considerations for a Gear
Drive.17. Beam Strength of Gear Teeth-Lewis Equation.
18. Permissible Working Stress for Gear Teeth in Lewis
Equation. 19. Dynamic Tooth Load. 20. Static Tooth
Load. 21. Wear Tooth Load. 22. Causes of Gear Tooth
Failure. 23. Design Procedure for Spur Gears.
24. Spur Gear Construction. 25. Design of Shaft for
Spur Gears. 26. Design of Arms for Spur Gears.
(xvi)
29. Helical Gears ...1066–1079
1. Introduction. 2. Terms used in Helical Gears. 3. Face
Width of Helical Gears. 4. Formative or Equivalent
Number of Teeth for Helical Gears. 5. Proportions for
Helical Gears. 6. Strength of Helical Gears.
30. Bevel Gears ...1080–1100
1. Introduction. 2. Classification of Bevel Gears.
3. Terms used in Bevel Gears. 4. Determination of Pitch
Angle for Bevel Gears. 5. Proportions for Bevel Gears.
6. Formative or Equivalent Number of Teeth for Bevel
Gears—Tredgold's Approximation. 7. Strength of Bevel
Gears. 8. Forces Acting on a Bevel Gear. 9. Design of
a Shaft for Bevel Gears.
31. Worm Gears ...1101–1124
1. Introduction 2. Types of Worms 3. Types of Worm
Gears. 4. Terms used in Worm Gearing. 5. Proportions
for Worms. 6. Proportions for Worm Gears.
7. Efficiency of Worm Gearing. 8. Strength of Worm
Gear Teeth. 9. Wear Tooth Load for Worm Gear.
10. Thermal Rating of Worm Gearing. 11. Forces
Acting on Worm Gears. 12. Design of Worm Gearing.
32. Internal Combustion Engine Parts ...1125–1214
1. Introduction. 2. Principal Parts of an I. C. Engine.
3. Cylinder and Cylinder Liner. 4. Design of a Cylinder.
5. Piston. 6. Design Considerations for a Piston.
7. Material for Pistons. 8. Pistion Head or Crown .
9. Piston Rings. 10. Piston Skirt. 12. Piston Pin.
13. Connecting Rod. 14. Forces Acting on the
Connecting Rod. 15. Design of Connecting Rod.
16. Crankshaft. 17. Material and Manufacture of
Crankshafts. 18. Bearing Pressure and Stresses in
Crankshfts. 19. Design Procedure for Crankshaft.
20. Design for Centre Crankshaft. 21. Side or Overhung
Chankshaft. 22. Valve Gear Mechanism. 23. Valves.
24. Rocker Arm.