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SURFACE MINING TECHNOLOGY

 

Contents

1

INTRODUCTION TO SURFACE STRIP COAL

MINING

FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

SURFACE COAL MINING

PRODUCTION COST AND STRIPPING RATIO

ANALYSIS

Stripping Ratio for Multiple Seams

BASIC PROFIT FUNCTION ANALYSIS

 

 

2 GEOLOGYAND EXPLORATIONS

GEOLOGY OF SOUTH AFRICAN COAL RESOURCES

Coal Formation

Stages in the Formation of Coal

Principal Coal Seams of South Africa

WITBANK COALFIELD

FREE STATE COALFIELD

WATERBERG COALFIELD

Coal Quality

Coal Production and Markets

 

ENERALISED APPROACH TO ORE RESOURCE TO RESERVE DELINEATION

 

 

EXPLORATION AND THE MINE PLANNING PROCESS

Conceptual mine plan

Pre-feasibility mine plan

Cost ranking and feasibility mine plan

LAND ACQUISITION REQUIREMENTS

 

 

 

 

3  SURFACE COAL MININGMETHODS

SURFACE MINING METHOD SELECTION

UNIT OPERATIONS FOR SURFACE MINING METHODS

Preparing the Surface

Drilling and Blasting

Overburden Removal

Loading and Haulage of the Deposit

Rehabilitation

Strip Mine Layout

Strip Mining Over Mined-out Areas

TERRACE MINING

OVERBURDEN AND WASTE DUMPING

Design and Construction of Dumps

Design and Construction of Embankments

SURFACE MINE SERVICE INFRASTRUCTURE

Electrical Reticulation Systems

Water Reticulation Systems

 

 

4 ROTARY DRILLING MACHINES

MECHANICAL EXCAVATIONOR DRILL AND BLAST

DRILLING METHODS

Percussion Drilling

Drifter Percussion Drills

Down-The-Hole Drills (DTH) Percussion Drills

Rotary Drilling

SELECTIONMETHODS

Selection of Hole Diameter

Required Production Rates and Cost of Drilling

ROTARY BLASTHOLE DRILLING

Tricone Rotary Drill Main Components

Rotary Drill Penetration Rate

Tricone Rotary Drill Bits Selectionand Air Requirements

 

 

 

5 SURFACE STRIP COAL MINE BLAST DESIGN

INTRODUCTION TO EXPLOSIVES AND BLASTING

Blasting Theory

Explosives Properties and Types

EMULSIONS

ANFOHEAVY ANFO

INITIATION SYSTEMS

DETONATORS

SHOCK TUBE SYSTEMS

DETONATING CORD

 

Explosive Strength and Performance

THE BLAST DESIGN PROCESS

The Influence of Blasting Practices on Production

CONCEPTUAL BLAST DESIGN

Powder Factor (PDF)

Size of Blasthole

Parameter Empirical Relationships

Determining Design Burden

BLASTHOLE LAYOUT AND INITIATION

OPTIMISING A CONCEPTUAL BLAST DESIGN

Fragmentation Analysis and Optimisation

Measuring Fragmentation

 

Blast Monitoring

CAUTIOUS BLASTING

Control of Flyrock

Airblast

Ground Vibrations

Highwall control

 

 

CAST BLASTING

 

 

 

6 LOADING AND HAULING SYSTEMS

INTRODUCTION AND EQUIPMENT OPTIONS

LOADING EQUIPMENT - CYCLIC

Transport Distance and Production Volume Effects

Selection Criteria– Cyclic Loaders

Front-end Loaders

Hydraulic Shovels

Electric Rope Shovel

CYCLIC SHOVEL MINING METHODS

Loading Floor Area and Minimum Loading Bench Widths

Loading Methods

TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT – CYCLIC

Selection of Tyres

Mine Haul Roads

FACTORS EFFECTING CYCLICSYSTEMS PRODUCTIVITY

Basic System Productivity Calculation

Factors Effecting System Productivity

LOADING EQUIPMENT –CONTINUOUS

Selection of BWE

BWE Productivity Estimation

Continuous Mi

TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT – CONTINUOUS

Types of Conveyor Systems

Crushing

Waste Handling

ContinuousSystem Costing

 

 

7THE SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF DRAGLINES

 

 

INTRODUCTION TO DRAGLINES

Basic Machine Operation

Machine Operational Parameters

Bucket Dumping Options

DRAGLINE SELECTION

Geotechnical Investigations for Dragline Mining

General Dimensional Relationships for Dragline Mining

FACTORS INFLUENCING GENERAL DIMENSIONAL RELATIONSHIPS

Selection of Dragline Bucket Capacity

Dragline Selection Methodology

DRAGLINE OPERATING METHODS

Box-cut

Simple Side Casting

Advanced Bench Chopdown

Bench Extension

OPTIMISING DRAGLINE PRODUCTIVITY

Dragline Utility and Operational Efficiency

Dragline Productivity in Deep Overburden

DRAGLINE RELOCATION

Transportation Options

Considerations for Walking a Dragline

 

 

 

8 EQUIPMENT COST ESTIMATIONTECHNIQUES

INTRODUCTION TO COST ESTIMATION

EQUIPMENT REPLACEMENT DECISIONS

ESTIMATING CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS

Estimating Cost of Ownership

Estimating Cost of Operation

 

 

9 MINING ENVIRONMENT, REHABILITATION AND CLOSURE

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT

REHABILITATION PLANNING AND COSTING

Approaches to Rehabilitating Mined Land

Costing the Rehabilitation of Mined Land

MINE CLOSURE

Closure Planning Process

 

 

 

URFACE STRIP CO

AL MINE PLANNING AND SCHEDULING

INTRODUCTION TO PLANNING AND SCHEDULING

MINE DEVELOPMENT PHASES

STEPS AND PHASES INVOLVED INA MINE PLANNING STUDY

MINE SCHEDULING