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Environment Engineering & Waste Management
Contents
Preface
1 Environmental Engineering
Civil Engineering
Public Health
Ethics
Environmental Engineering as a Profession
Organization of This Text
Ecology
2 Assessing Environmental Impact
Environmental Impact
Use of Risk Analysis in Environmental Assessment
Socioeconomic Impact Assessment
Conclusion
Problems
3 RiskAnalysis
Risk
Assessment of Risk
Probability
Dose-Response Evaluation
Population Responses
Exposure and Latency
Expression of Risk
Risk Perception
Ecosystem Risk Assessment
Conclusion
Problems
4 Water Pollution
Sources of Water Pollution
Elements of Aquatic Ecology
Biodegradation
viii ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Aerobic and Anaerobic Decomposition
Effect of Pollution on Streams
Effect of Pollution on Lakes
Effect of Pollution on Groundwater
Effect of Pollution on Oceans
Heavy Metals and Toxic Substances
Conclusion
Problems
5 Measurement of Water Quality
Sampling
Dissolved Oxygen
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Total Organic Carbon
Turbidity
Color, Taste, and Odor
Alkalinity
Solids
Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Pathogens
Heavy Metals
Other Organic Compounds
Conclusion
Problems
PH
6 Water Supply
The Hydrologic Cycle and Water Availability
Groundwater Supplies
Surface Water Supplies
Water Transmission
Conclusion
Problems
7 Water k t m e n t
Coagulation and Flocculation
Settling
Filtration
Disinfection
Conclusion
Problems
Collection of Wastewater
Estimating Wastewater Quantities
System Layout
Sewer Hydraulics
Conclusion
Problems
Wastewater Treatment
Wastewater Characteristics
On-site Wastewater Treatment
Central Wastewater Treatment
Primary Treatment
Secondary Treatment
Tertiary Treatment
Conclusion
Problems
Sludge Treatment and Disposal
Sources of Sludge
Characteristics of Sludges
Sludge Treatment
Ultimate Disposal
Conclusion
Problems
Nonpoint Source Water Pollution
Sediment Erosion and the Pollutant Transport Process
Prevention and Mitigation of Nonpoint Source Pollution
Conclusion
Problems
Solid Waste
Quantities and Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste
Collection
Disposal Options
Litter
Conclusion
Problems
Solid Waste Disposal
Disposal of Unprocessed Refuse in Sanitary Landfills
Volume Reduction Before Disposal
Conclusion
Problems
Contents ix
x ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEEFUNG
Reuse, RecycJing, and Resource Recovery
Recycling
Recovery
Conclusion
Problems
Hazardous Waste
Magnitude of the Problem
Waste Processing and Handling
Transportation of Hazardous Wastes
Recovery Alternatives
Hazardous Waste Management Facilities
Conclusion
Problems
Radioactive Waste
Radiation
Health Effects
Sources of Radioactive Waste
Movement of Radionuclides Through the Environment
Radioactive Waste Management
Transportation of Radioactive Waste
Conclusion
Problems
Solid and Hazardous Waste Law
Nonhazardous Solid Waste
Hazardous Waste
Conclusion
Problems
Meteorology and Air Pollution
Basic Meteorology
Horizontal Dispersion of Pollutants
Vertical Dispersion of Pollutants
Atmospheric Dispersion
Cleansing the Atmosphere
Conclusion
Problems
Measurement of Air Quality
Measurement of Particulate Matter
Measurement of Gases
Reference Methods
Contents xi
Grab Samples
Stack Samples
Smoke and Opacity
Conclusion
Problems
20 Air Pollution Control
Source Correction
Collection of Pollutants
Treatment
Control of Gaseous Pollutants
Control of Moving Sources
Control of Global Climate Change
Conclusion
Problems
Cooling
21 Air Pollution Law
Air Quality and Common Law
Statutory Law
Moving Sources
Tropospheric Ozone
Acid Rain
Problems of Implementation
Conclusion
Problems
22 Noise Pollution
The Concept of Sound
Sound Pressure Level, Frequency, and Propagation
Sound Level
Measuring Transient Noise
The Acoustic Environment
Health Effects of Noise
The Dollar Cost of Noise
Noise Control
Conclusion
Problems
Appendices
A Conversion Factors
B Elements of the Periodic Table 451
xii ENVIRONMENTALENGINEERING
C Physical Constants
D List of Symbols
E Bibliography
Index