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DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES & BRIDGES
Part 1
General
1 Introduction
History of bridges
Bridge types and design process
Loads and load factors
Current development of analysis and design of bridges
Outlook on analysis and design of bridges
2 Approximate and refined analysis methods
Introduction
Various bridge structural forms
Beam deck type
Slab deck type
Beam-slab deck type
Cellular deck type
Approximate analysis methods
Plane frame analysis method
Refined analysis methods
Grillage analogy method
Orthotropic plate method
Articulated plate method
Finite strip method
Finite element method
Live load influence surface
Different types of bridges with
Their selected mathematical modeling
Beam bridge and rigid frame bridge
Slab bridge
Beam-slab bridge
Cellular box girder bridge
Curved bridge
Truss bridge
Arch bridge
Cable-stayed bridge
Suspension bridge
3 Numerical methods in bridge structure analysis
Introduction
Finite element method
Basic
Geometric and elastic equations
Displacement functions of an element
Strain energy and principles of minimum
Potential energy and virtual works
Displacement relationship processing
When assembling global stiffness matrix
Nonlinearities
Frame element
Elastic stability
Applications in bridge analysis
Automatic time incremental creep analysis method
Incremental equilibrium equation
In creep and shrinkage analysis
Calculation of equivalent loads due to
Incremental creep and shrinkage
Automatic-determining time step
A simple example of creep analysis
Influence line/surface live loading method
Dynamic planning method and its
Application in searching extreme live loads
Transverse live loading
Influence surface loading
PART II
4 Reinforced concrete bridges
Introduction
Concrete and steel material properties
Unconfined and confined concrete
Reinforcing steel
FRC and FRP
Inverse analysis method
Behavior of no skewed /skewed
Concrete beam-slab bridges
Principle and modeling of concrete beam-slab bridges
Linear elastic modeling
Nonlinear modeling
Cracking and retention of shear stiffness
FRC/FRP modeling
2D and 3D illustrated examples: three-span
Continuous skewed concrete slab bridges
2D and 3D illustrated examples: RCT-beam brifge
3D illustrated examples: skewed simple-span
Transversely post-tensioned adjacent precast-concrete
Slab bridges-knoxville bridge,Frederick, Maryland
5 Prestressed/post-tensioned concrete bridges
Prestressing basics
Principle and modeling of prestressing
Tendon modeled as applied loading
Tendon modeled as load-resisting elements
2D and 3D modeling
2D illustrated example of prototype prestressed/
Post –tensioned concrete bridge in the united states
3D illustrated bridge-verzasca 2bridge, Switzerland
Visual bridge design system
Verzasca 2 bridge models
Model 1: continuous girder
With constant cross section
Model 2: continuous girder
With skew supports
Model 3: one girder built
In a single stage
Model 4: girder built with
Actual construction stages
Model 5: three girders
Skew supported
Verzasca 2 bridge analysis results
Model 1 :continuous girder
With constant cross section
Model 2 : continuous girder
With skew supports
Model 3 one girder built
In a single stage
Model 4 : girder built with
Actual construction stage
Mode 5: three girders
Skew supported
3D illustrated examples of US23043 precast
Prestressed concrete beam bridge-maryland
US23043 bridge models
Model 1: slab modeled
With plate element
Model 2 : slab modeled
With beam element
Bridge analysis results
Model slab modeled
With beam elements
Illustrated box-girder bridge
Illustrated example of long-span concrete cantilever
Bridges-jiangsu,people’s republic of china
The continuous rigid frame of souting bridge
Approach spans
Results of webs’bent-down tendons
Results of two approacbes on deflections
6 curved concrete bridges
Basic of curved concrete bridges
Introduction
Stresses of curved concrete box under torsion
Equations for multiple cells
Equilibrium equations
Compatibility equations
Constitutive laws of materials
Construction geometry control
Principle and modeling of curved concrete bridges
Modeling of curved concrete bridges
Modeling of material properties
Modeling of live loads
Modeling of lateral restraint and movement
Spine model illustrated examples of pengpo
Interchange, henan,people ‘s republic of china
Grillage model illustrated examples
FHWA bridge
3D finite element model illustrated
Examples-NCHRP case study bridge
7 Straight and curved steel I-girder bridges
Behavior of steel I-girder bridges
Composite bridge sections under
Different load levels
Various stress effects
Section property in the grid
Modeling considerations
Principle and modeling of steel I-girder bridges
Analysis methods
Modeling in specific regions
Live load application
Girder-substringer systems
Steel I-gider during construction
2D and 3D illustrated examples of a haunched steel
I-girder bridge-MD140 bridge,Maryland
2D and 3D illustrated example of a skewed and
Kinked steel I-girder bridge with straddle bent
2D and 3D illustrated example of a global
And local modeling of a simple-span steel
I-girder bridge-I-270 middlebrook road
Bridge,Germantown ,Maryland
8 Straight and curved steel box girder bridges
Behavior of steel box girder bridges
Bending effects
Longitudinal bending
Bending distortion
Torsional effects
Mixed torsion
Torsional distortion
Plate behavior and design
Principle and modeling of steel box girder bridges
2D and 3D finite element method
Consideration of modeling
Steel box girder bridges
Design considerations
Construction
Description of the noncomposite
Bridge models
2D and 3D illustrated examples of a curved box girder
Bridge-metro bridge over 1495 washinton DC
Curved box shell model
Curved box beam model
2D and 3D illustrated examples of three
Span curved box girder bridge-estero
Parkway bridge,lee country ,florida
9 Arch bridges
Introduction
Classifications of arch bridges
Construction of arch bridges
Lupu bridge,people’s republic of china
Foundations
Arch ribs
Deck girders
Yajisha bridge,people’s republic of china
Cross section of the main arch
Vertical rotation
Horizontal rotation
Principle and analysis of arch bridges
Perfect arch axis of an arch bridge
Fatigue analysis and affecting factors
Positions of hangers
Distance between side
Hanger and arch springing
Measuring of hanger-cable force
Modeling of arch bridges
Arches
Deck
Hangers
Stability
3D illustrated example of construction analysis
Yajisha bridge,Guangzhou ,people’s republic
Of cina
3D illustrated example of proposed tied-arch
Bridge analysis-linyi ,people’s republic of china
3D illustrated example of an arch bridge
Liujiang yellow river bridge,zbengzhou
People‘s republic of china
10 Steel truss bridges
Introduction
Behavior of steel truss bridges
Simple and continuous truss bridges
Cantilevered truss bridges
Principle and modeling of steel truss bridges
3D illustrated example-pedestrian pony truss bridge
2D illustrated example-tydings bridges,Maryland
Thermal analysis
3D illustrated examples shang xin bridge
Zhejiang ,people’s republic of china
11 Cable-stayed bridges
Basic of cable-stayed bridges
Behavior of cable-stayed bridges
Weakness of cable supports
Ideal state
Desired state
Anchor of pylons
Backward and forward analyses
Geometric nonlinearity-P-delta effect
Geometric nonlinearity –cable sag effect
Geometric nonlinearity
Large displacements
Stability
Dynamic behavior
Construction control
Observation errors
Measurement of cable forces
Construction errors
General procedures of construction control
Principle and modeling of cable-stayed bridges
Main girders
Pylons
Connections between girder and pylon
Cables
Illustrated example of sutong bridge
Jiangsu,people’s republic of china
Illustrated example with dynamic mode
Analysis of panyu bridge ,Guangdong ,people’s
Republic of china
Illustrated example with dynamic mode
Analysis of long cables with crossties
12 Suspensions bridges
Basic of suspension bridges
Construction of suspension bridges
Construction of pylons and anchorages
And install catwalk system
Erection of main cables
Erection of stiffened girder
Behavior of suspension bridges
Basic of cable structures-initial
Stress and large displacements
Basics of suspension bridges analysis
Live load analysis of a suspension bridge
Determination of the initial
Configuration of a suspension bridge
Consideration of a cable tangent changes
Offset of saddles and release
Of the deflection of pylons
Low initial stress stiffness of the
main cable close to pylons
low initial stress stiffness of the
main cable close to pylon
principle and modeling of suspension bridges
main cables
hangers
stiffened girder
pylons
saddles
3D illustrated examples of Chesapeake
Bay suspension bridge, Maryland
PART III
Special topics of bridges
13 strut-and-tie modeling
Principle of strut-and-tie model
Development of STM
Design methodology
Struts
Ties
Nodes
Hand-calculation example of STM
Hammerhead pier no.49 of Thomas
Jefferson bridge,Maryland
Data
Determination of member forces
Design of the tie
Design of the strut
Representative pile-supported footing
Check the capacity of the ties
Check the capacity of struts
Check nodal zone stress limits
Check the detaling for the
Anchorage of the ties
2D illustrated example 1-abutment on pile
General properties
2D illustrated example-2—walled pier
2D illustrated example 3-crane beam
2D/3D illustrated example 4-hammerhead
Pier of Thomas Jefferson bridge
2D illustrated example 5—integral bent cap
Alternate compatibility STM and 2D illustrated
Example6—cracked deep bent cap
14 Stability
Basic of structural stability
Buckling
Linear buckling of a steel plate
Formulation of plate buckling
Solving plate and box
Girder bucking problems
Linear bucking of steel members
Buckling of steel structure
Members
Buckling analysis of a pony
Truss by Timoshenko’s method
Case study of pony truss by
Timoshenko’s method
FEM approach of stability analysis
3D illustrated example with linear buckling analysis
Of a pony truss,pennsylvnia
3D illustrated example with linear bucking analysis
Of a standard simple arch rib
3D illustrated example with linear bucking analysis
Of a proposed tied-arch bridge-linyi
People’s republic of china
3D illustrated example with nonlinear
Stability analysis of a cable-stayed bridge
Jiangsu ,people’s republic of china
15 Redundancy analysis
Basic of bridge redundancy
Principle and modeling of bridge redundancy
Analysis
Analysis cases
Finite element modeling
3D example with redundancy analysis
Of a pony truss Pennsylvania
Loadings cases
Results
Extreme event III
Extreme event IV
3d redundancy analysis under blast loading
Of a PC beam bridge Maryland
Bridge model
Attack scenarios
Analyze structural response
3D analysis under blast loading of a
Steel plate girder bridge,Maryland
Bridge model
Attack scenarios
Analyze structural response
16 Integral bridges
Basic of integral bridges
Introduction
Types of integral aboutment
Principle and analysis of IABs
Force analysis
Modeling of IABs
Equivalent cantilever finite element model
Soil spring finite element model
Soil spring and p-y curve
Soil behind the aboutment
Soil around piles
Soil continuum finite element model
Illustrated example of a steel girder bridge
In soil spring finite elemnt model
Structure
Soil
Illustrated example of a steel girder bridge in
3D soil continuum finite element model
17 Dynamic/earthquake asnalysis
Basics of dynamic analysis
Principle of bridge dynamic analysis
Vehicle-bridge interaction
Pedestrian bridge vibrations
Bridge earthquake analysis
Linear and nonlinear
Seismic analysis
Nonlinear time-history analysis
Blast loading analysis
Wind analysis
Modeling of bridge for dynamic analysis
Linear elastic dynamic analysis
Soil stiffness
Nonlinear analysis
Nonlinear static –standard
Pushbover analysis
3D illustrated example of earthquake analysis by
SPA,MPA,and NL-THA-FHWA bridge no.4
Foundation stiffness
Finite element model and analyses
3D illustrated example of earthquake analysis by
SPA,MPA,and NL-THA-FHWA bridge no.4
Foundation stiffness
3D illustrated example of a high-pier bridge
Subjected to incidence seismic waves
Pingtang bridge,people’s republic of china
18 Bridge geometry
Introduction
Roadway curves
Types of horizontal curves
Types of vertical curves
Types of transverse curves
Superelevation and superwidening
Bridge curves
Curve calculations
Bridge mainline curve model
Roadway transverse curve model
Roadway transverse curves
Spiral calculation
Vertical parabola calculation
Curve and surface tessellation
Bridge deck point calculations
Precast segmental bridge geometry control
Basic
Long-line casting and
Short-line casting
Final curve and theoretical
Casting curves
Casting segment and
Match cast segment
Casting and matching
Control points and transformation
Procedures of casting and control
Error finding and correction
Evolution of geometry control
In precast segmental bridge
Geometry transformation
Direction consines
Direction conines matrix of
A local coordinate bsystem
Transformation between
Two coordinate system
Deflection of the casting
System in global system
An example of short-line match
Casting geometry control
Trend of bridge computer modeling and visualization
References