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Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Concrete, Reinforced Concrete, and Prestressed Concrete 1
1.2 Structural Forms 2
1.3 Loads 8
1.4 Serviceability, Strength, and Structural Safety 12
1.5 Design Basis 15
1.6 Design Codes and Specifications 16
1.7 Safety Provisions of the ACI Code 17
1.8 Developing Factored Gravity Loads 18
References 22
Problems 22
Chapter 2 Materials 24
2.1 Introduction 24
2.2 Cement 24
2.3 Aggregates 25
2.4 Proportioning and Mixing Concrete 27
2.5 Conveying, Placing, Compacting, and Curing 29
2.6 Quality Control 30
2.7 Admixtures 34
2.8 Properties in Compression 36
2.9 Properties in Tension 42
2.10 Strength under Combined Stress 45
2.11 Shrinkage and Temperature Effects 46
2.12 High-Strength Concrete 49
2.13 Reinforcing Steels for Concrete 51
2.14 Reinforcing Bars 52
2.15 Welded Wire Reinforcement 57
2.16 Prestressing Steels 58
2.17 Fiber Reinforcement 60
References 62
Problems 63
vi Contents
Chapter 3 Design of Concrete Structures and
Fundamental Assumptions 65
3.1 Introduction 65
3.2 Members and Sections 67
3.3 Theory, Codes, and Practice 67
3.4 Fundamental Assumptions for Reinforced
Concrete Behavior 69
3.5 Behavior of Members Subject to Axial Loads 70
3.6 Bending of Homogeneous Beams 76
References 78
Problems 78
Chapter 4 Flexural Analysis and Design of Beams 80
4.1 Introduction 80
4.2 Reinforced Concrete Beam Behavior 80
4.3 Design of Tension-Reinforced Rectangular Beams 90
4.4 Design Aids 104
4.5 Practical Considerations in the Design of Beams 107
4.6 Rectangular Beams with Tension and Compression
Reinforcement 109
4.7 T Beams 118
References 125
Problems 126
Chapter 5 Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams 130
5.1 Introduction 130
5.2 Diagonal Tension in Homogeneous Elastic Beams 131
5.3 Reinforced Concrete Beams without Shear Reinforcement 134
5.4 Reinforced Concrete Beams with Web Reinforcement 141
5.5 ACI Code Provisions for Shear Design 146
5.6 Effect of Axial Forces 155
5.7 Beams with Varying Depth 160
5.8 Alternative Models for Shear Analysis and Design 161
5.9 Shear-Friction Design Method 170
References 174
Problems 176
Chapter 6 Bond, Anchorage, and Development Length 179
6.1 Fundamentals of Flexural Bond 179
6.2 Bond Strength and Development Length 183
6.3 ACI Code Provisions for Development of Tension
Reinforcement 187
6.4 Anchorage of Tension Bars by Hooks 191
6.5 Anchorage in Tension Using Headed Bars 195
6.6 Anchorage Requirements for Web Reinforcement 199
6.7 Welded Wire Reinforcement 200
6.8 Development of Bars in Compression 201
6.9 Bundled Bars 202
Contents vii
6.10 Bar Cutoff and Bend Points in Beams 202
6.11 Structural Integrity Provisions 209
6.12 Integrated Beam Design Example 210
6.13 Bar Splices 215
References 218
Problems 219
Chapter 7 Serviceability 224
7.1 Introduction 224
7.2 Cracking in Flexural Members 224
7.3 ACI Code Provisions for Crack Control 227
7.4 Control of Deflections 230
7.5 Immediate Deflections 231
7.6 Deflections Due to Long-Term Loads 234
7.7 ACI Code Provisions for Control of Deflections 236
7.8 Deflections Due to Shrinkage and Temperature Changes 242
7.9 Moment vs. Curvature for Reinforced Concrete Sections 244
References 248
Problems 249
Chapter 8 Analysis and Design for Torsion 251
8.1 Introduction 251
8.2 Torsion in Plain Concrete Members 252
8.3 Torsion in Reinforced Concrete Members 255
8.4 Torsion Plus Shear 259
8.5 ACI Code Provisions for Torsion Design 260
References 270
Problems 270
Chapter 9 Short Columns 273
9.1 Introduction: Axial Compression 273
9.2 Transverse Ties and Spirals 276
9.3 Compression Plus Bending of Rectangular Columns 280
9.4 Strain Compatibility Analysis and Interaction Diagrams 281
9.5 Balanced Failure 284
9.6 Distributed Reinforcement 287
9.7 Unsymmetrical Reinforcement 289
9.8 Circular Columns 290
9.9 ACI Code Provisions for Column Design 292
9.10 Design Aids 293
9.11 Biaxial Bending 296
9.12 Load Contour Method 298
9.13 Reciprocal Load Method 299
9.14 Computer Analysis for Biaxial Bending of Columns 302
9.15 Bar Splicing in Columns and Ties Near Beam-
Column Joints 303
9.16 Transmission of Column Loads through Floor Systems 305
References 305
Problems 306
viii Contents
Chapter 10 Slender Columns 310
10.1 Introduction 310
10.2 Concentrically Loaded Columns 311
10.3 Compression Plus Bending 314
10.4 ACI Criteria for Slenderness Effects in Columns 319
10.5 ACI Criteria for Nonsway vs. Sway Structures 321
10.6 ACI Moment Magnifier Method for Nonsway Frames 322
10.7 ACI Moment Magnifier Method for Sway Frames 330
10.8 Second-Order Analysis for Slenderness Effects 336
References 338
Problems 339
Chapter 11 Analysis of Indeterminate Beams and Frames 343
11.1 Continuity 343
11.2 Loading 345
11.3 Simplifications in Frame Analysis 347
11.4 Methods for Elastic Analysis 349
11.5 Idealization of the Structure 350
11.6 Preliminary Design and Guidelines for
Proportioning Members 355
11.7 Approximate Analysis 357
11.8 ACI Moment Coefficients 362
11.9 Limit Analysis 365
11.10 Conclusion 376
References 377
Problems 377
Chapter 12 Analysis and Design of One-Way Slabs 380
12.1 Types of Slabs 380
12.2 Design of One-Way Slabs 382
12.3 Temperature and Shrinkage Reinforcement 385
Reference 388
Problems 388
Chapter 13 Analysis and Design of Two-Way Slabs 390
13.1 Behavior of Two-Way Edge-Supported Slabs 390
13.2 Two-Way Column-Supported Slabs 393
13.3 Direct Design Method for Column-Supported Slabs 397
13.4 Flexural Reinforcement for Column-Supported Slabs 402
13.5 Depth Limitations of the ACI Code 405
13.6 Equivalent Frame Method 411
13.7 Shear Design in Flat Plates and Flat Slabs 419
13.8 Transfer of Moments at Columns 434
13.9 Openings in Slabs 437
13.10 Deflection Calculations 439
13.11 Analysis for Horizontal Loads 446
References 447
Problems 449
Contents ix
Chapter 14 Walls 453
14.1 Introduction 453
14.2 General Design Considerations 454
14.3 Simplified Method for Axial Load
and Out-of-Plane Moment 456
14.4 Alternative Method for Out-of-Plane
Slender Wall Analysis 457
14.5 Shear Walls 458
References 462
Chapter 15 Footings and Foundations 463
15.1 Types and Functions 463
15.2 Spread Footings 463
15.3 Design Factors 464
15.4 Loads, Bearing Pressures, and Footing Size 465
15.5 Wall Footings 467
15.6 Column Footings 469
15.7 Combined Footings 477
15.8 Two-Column Footings 479
15.9 Strip, Grid, and Mat Foundations 486
15.10 Pile Caps 487
References 490
Problems 491
Chapter 16 Retaining Walls 492
16.1 Function and Types of Retaining Walls 492
16.2 Earth Pressure 492
16.3 Earth Pressure for Common Conditions of Loading 496
16.4 External Stability 497
16.5 Basis of Structural Design 500
16.6 Drainage and Other Details 501
16.7 Example: Design of a Gravity Retaining Wall 502
16.8 Example: Design of a Cantilever Retaining Wall 504
16.9 Counterfort Retaining Walls 511
16.10 Precast Retaining Walls 513
References 514
Problems 515
Chapter 17 Strut-and-Tie Models 516
17.1 Introduction 516
17.2 Development of Strut-and-Tie Models 516
17.3 Strut-and-Tie Design Methodology 520
17.4 ACI Provisions for Strut-and-Tie Models 526
17.5 Applications 531
References 540
Problems 541
x Contents
Chapter 18 Design of Reinforcement at Joints 542
18.1 Introduction 542
18.2 Beam-Column Joints 543
18.3 Strut-and-Tie Model for Joint Behavior 555
18.4 Beam-to-Girder Joints 557
18.5 Ledge Girders 558
18.6 Corners and T Joints 561
18.7 Brackets and Corbels 564
References 568
Problems 569
Chapter 19 Concrete Building Systems 571
19.1 Introduction 571
19.2 Floor and Roof Systems 572
19.3 Precast Concrete for Buildings 584
19.4 Diaphragms 600
19.5 Engineering Drawings for Buildings 605
References 605
Chapter 20 Seismic Design 607
20.1 Introduction 607
20.2 Structural Response 609
20.3 Seismic Loading Criteria 614
20.4 ACI Provisions for Earthquake-Resistant Structures 619
20.5 ACI Provisions for Special Moment Frames 620
20.6 ACI Provisions for Special Structural Walls, Coupling
Beams, Diaphragms, and Trusses 633
20.7 ACI Provisions for Shear Strength 638
20.8 ACI Provisions for Intermediate Moment Frames 642
References 644
Problems 644
Chapter 21 Anchoring to Concrete 646
21.1 Introduction 646
21.2 Behavior of Anchors 648
21.3 Concrete Breakout Capacity 649
21.4 Anchor Design 651
21.5 ACI Code Provisions for Concrete Breakout Capacity 651
21.6 Steel Strength 653
21.7 Concrete Breakout Capacity of Single Cast-In
and Post-Installed Anchors 655
21.8 Pullout Strength of Anchors 662
21.9 Side-Face Blowout 663
21.10 Pryout of Anchors 664
21.11 Combined Shear and Normal Force 664
21.12 Anchor Reinforcement 667
21.13 Adhesive Anchors 667
21.14 Earthquake Design 671
References 672
Problems 673
Contents xi
Chapter 22 Prestressed Concrete 677
22.1 Introduction 677
22.2 Effects of Prestressing 678
22.3 Sources of Prestress Force 682
22.4 Prestressing Steels 685
22.5 Concrete for Prestressed Construction 687
22.6 Elastic Flexural Analysis 688
22.7 Flexural Strength 694
22.8 Partial Prestressing 699
22.9 Flexural Design Based on Concrete Stress Limits 700
22.10 Shape Selection 711
22.11 Tendon Profiles 712
22.12 Flexural Design Based on Load Balancing 714
22.13 Loss of Prestress 719
22.14 Shear, Diagonal Tension, and Web Reinforcement 723
22.15 Bond Stress, Transfer Length, and Development Length 730
22.16 Anchorage Zone Design 731
22.17 Deflection 735
22.18 Crack Control for Class C Flexural Members 739
References 739