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Table of Contents
Chapter (1): Introduction to Structural Engineering Concepts .............................................. 1
1.1 Engineering Design Process ............................................................................................ 1
1.2 Structural Analysis ......................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Structural Form .............................................................................................................. 2
1.4 Structural Elements: ....................................................................................................... 2
1.4.1 Tie Rods: .................................................................................................................. 2
1.4.2 Beams: ...................................................................................................................... 2
1.4.3 Columns: .................................................................................................................. 3
1.5 Types of Structures: ....................................................................................................... 3
1.5.1 Trusses: .................................................................................................................... 4
1.5.2 Cables and arches: .................................................................................................... 4
1.5.3 Frames: ..................................................................................................................... 4
1.5.4 Surface Structures: ................................................................................................... 5
1.6 Codes and Loads types and categories: .......................................................................... 5
1.6.1 Codes: ....................................................................................................................... 5
1.6.2 Load Types:.............................................................................................................. 6
1.6.3 Load Categories: ....................................................................................................... 8
Chapter (2): Beam Analysis ................................................................................................. 17
2.1 Loading on Beams: ....................................................................................................... 17
2.2 Loading Types: ............................................................................................................. 17
2.3 Support Types: ............................................................................................................. 18
2.4 Beam Types: ................................................................................................................. 20
2.5 Beam Reactions: ...........................................................................................................21
2.6 Sign Convention: ..........................................................................................................21
2.7 Examples: ..................................................................................................................... 22
2.8 Internal Forces in Beams: ............................................................................................. 24
2.8.1 Procedure for Analysis ........................................................................................... 25
2.8.2 Examples: ...............................................................................................................26
2.9 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams:.............................................................. 29
2.9.1 Procedure for Analysis ........................................................................................... 29
2.9.2 Examples: ...............................................................................................................32
2.10 Problems: .................................................................................................................... 39
Chapter (3): Truss Analysis ................................................................................................. 41
3.1 Introduction: ................................................................................................................. 41
3.2 Assumptions for Analysis of Trusses: ........................................................................... 42
3.3 Method of Joints: .........................................................................................................42
3.3.1 Procedure for Analysis ........................................................................................... 42
3.3.2 Examples: ...............................................................................................................44
3.4 Problems: ...................................................................................................................... 48
3.5 Method of Sections: ...................................................................................................... 51
3.5.1 Procedure for Analysis: .......................................................................................... 51
3.5.2 Examples: ...............................................................................................................52
3.6 Problems: ...................................................................................................................... 56
Chapter (4): Frame Analysis ............................................................................................... 58
4.1 Types of Frame Structures: .......................................................................................... 58
4.1.1 Rigid Structural Frame .......................................................................................... 58
4.1.2 Braced Structural Frames ...................................................................................... 59
4.1.3 Load path in Frame Structure: .............................................................................. 61
4.1.4 Comparison of Frame structures with Normal Load bearing Traditional High Rise
Building: ......................................................................................................................... 61
4.1.5 Frame Reactions: ................................................................................................... 62
4.1.6 Examples: ...............................................................................................................62
4.2 Internal Forces in Frames: ........................................................................................... 66
4.2.1 Examples: ...............................................................................................................66
4.3 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams:.............................................................. 69
4.3.1 Procedure for Analysis: .......................................................................................... 69
4.3.2 Examples: ...............................................................................................................72
4.4 Problems: ...................................................................................................................... 76
Chapter (5): Beam Deflection .............................................................................................. 78
5.1 Introduction: ................................................................................................................. 78
5.2 Factors Affecting Beam Deflections ............................................................................. 78
5.3 Calculating Beam Deflections: ...................................................................................... 78
5.4 Examples: ..................................................................................................................... 78
5.5 Problems: ...................................................................................................................... 82
Chapter (6): Loads on Structures ........................................................................................ 83
6.1 Live Load Reduction: ................................................................................................... 83
6.1.1 Floors: .................................................................................................................... 83
6.1.2 Roofs: ..................................................................................................................... 86
6.2 Tributary Areas for beams and columns: ..................................................................... 86
6.2.1 Approximate Methods: ........................................................................................... 88
6.3 Concepts in Structural Design: ..................................................................................... 90
6.3.1 LRFD: .................................................................................................................... 90
6.3.2 Load Combinations: ............................................................................................... 91
6.3.3 LRFD Load Combinations: .................................................................................... 92
6.3.4 Examples: ...............................................................................................................93
6.4 Problems: .................................................................................................................... 104
Chapter (7): Useful Formulas ............................................................................................ 105
7.1 Beam Design Formulas with Shear and Moment Diagrams ...................................... 105
7.2 Bending Moment Diagrams and Equations for Frames ............................................. 121
7.3 Geometric Properties of Line and Area Elements: ..................................................... 124
7.4 Center of Gravity and Mass Moment of Inertia of Homogenous Solids: .................... 127
7.5 Fundamental Equations of Statics: ............................................................................ 128
7.6 SI Prefixes: ................................................................................................................. 129
7.7 Conversion Factors (FPS) to (SI) .............................................................................. 129
7.8 Conversion Factors (FPS): ......................................................................................... 129
7.9 Conversion Factors Table: ......................................................................................... 130
7.10 Cheat Sheet: ............................................................................................................. 131
Glossary ............................................................................................................................. 135