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HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
1) Basic Concept
1.1. Heat Transfer-General Aspects
1.1.1. Heat
1.1.2. Important of Heat transfer
1.1.3. Thermodynamics
1.1.3.1. Definition
1.1.3.2. Thermodynamic system
1.1.3.3. Macroscopic and microscopic points of view
1.1.3.4. Pure substance
1.1.3.5. Thermodynamic equilibrium
1.1.3.6. Properties of System
1.1.3.7. State
1.1.3.8. Process
1.1.3.9 Cycle
1.1.3.10. Point functions
1.1.3.11. Path function
1.1.3.12. Temperature
1.1.3.13. Pressure
1.1.3.14. Energy
1.1.3.15. Work
1.1.3.16. Heat
1.1.3.17. Comparison of work and heat
1.1.4. Difference between thermodynamics and heat transfer
1.1.5. Basic laws governing heat transfer
1.1.6. Modes of heat transfer
1.2. Heat Transfer by Conduction
1.2.1. Fourier’s law of heat conduction
1.2.2. Thermal conductivity of material
1.2.3. Thermal resistance (R8)
1.3. Heat Transfer by Convection
1.4. Heat Transfer by Radiation
PART I :HEAT TRANSFER BY “CONDUCTION”
2) CONDUCTION-STEADY-STATE ONE DIMENTIONS
2.1. Introduction
2.2. General Heat Conduction Equation in Cartesian Coordinates
2.3. General Heat Conduction Equation in Cylindrical Coordinates
2.4. General Heat Conduction Equation in Spherical Coordinates
2.5. Heat Conduction through Plane and Composite Walls
2.5.1. Heat conduction through a plane wall
2.5.2. Heat conduction through a composite wall
2.5.3. The overall heat transfer coefficient
2.6. Heat Conduction through Hollow and Composite Cylinder
2.6.1. Heat conduction through a hollow cylinder
2.6.1.1. Logarithmic mean area for the hollow cylinder
2.6.2. Heat conduction through a composite cylinder
2.7. Heat Conduction through Hollow and Composite spheres
2.7.1. Heat conduction through a hollow sphere
2.7.1.1. Logarithmic mean area for the a hollow sphere
2.7.2. Heat condition through a composite sphere
2.8. Critical Thickness of Insulation
2.8.1. Insulation-General aspects
2.8.2. Critical thickness of insulation
2.9. Heat conduction with Internal heat Generation
2.9.1. Plan wall with uniform heat generation
2.9.2. Dielectric Heating
2.9.3. Cylinder with uniform heat generation
2.9.4. Heat transfer through the piston crown
2.9.5. Heat conduction with heat generation in the nuclear cylindrical fuel rod
2.9.6. Sphere with uniform heat generation
2.10. Heat Transfer from Extended Surface (Fins)
2.10.1. Introduction
2.10.2. Heat flow through Rectangular fin
2.10.2.1. Heat dissipation from an infinitely long tin
2.10.2.2. Heat dissipation from a fin insulated at the tip
2.10.2.3. Heat dissipation from a fin losing heat at the tip
2.10.2.4. Efficiency and effectiveness of fin
2.10.2.5. Design of rectangular fins
2.10.3. Heat flow through straight triangular fin
2.10.4. Estimation of error in temperature measurement in a thermometer well
2.10.5. Heat transfer from a bar connected to the two heat sources at different
3) CONDUCTION-STEADY –STATE TWO DIMENTIONS AND THREE DIMENTIONS
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Two Dimensional Steady State Conduction
3.2.1. Analytical method
3.2.1.1. Two-dimensional steady state heat conduction in rectangular plates
3.2.1.2. Two-dimensional steady state heat conduction in semi-infinite plates
3.2.2. Graphical method
3.2.3. Analogical method
3.2.4 Numerical methods
3.3. Three-dimensional Steady State Conduction
4) CONDUCTION-UNSTEADY-STATE (TRANSIENT)
4.1 Introduction
4.2. Heat conduction in solids having infinite Thermal Conductivity (Negligible Internal Resistance)
4.3. Time constant and Response of Temperature Measuring Instruments
4.4. Transient Heat Conduction in solids with Finite Conduction and Convective Resistance
4.5. Transient Heat Conduction in Semi-infinite Solids(h or b )
4.6. System with Periodic Variation of Surface Temperature
4.7. Transient Conduction with Given Temperature Distribution, Typical Examples
PART II : HEAT TRANSFER BY “CONVECTION”
5) INTRODUCTION TO HYDRODYNAMICS
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Ideal and Real Fluids
5.3. Viscosity
5.4. Continuity Equation in Cartesian Coordinates
5.5. Equation of Continuity in a Cartesian Coordinates
5.6. Velocity Potential and Stream Functions
5.6.1. Velocity potential
5.6.2. Stream function
5.6.3. Laminar and turbulent flows
6) DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Dimensions
6.3. Dimensional Homogeneity
6.4. Methods of Dimensions Analysis
6.4.1. Rayleigh’s Methods
6.4.2. Buckingham’s –Methods/Theorems
6.5. Dimensional Analysis Applied to Natural or Free Convection
6.6. Dimensions Analysis Applied to Natural or Free Convection
6.7. Advantage and Limitations of Dimensional Analysis
6.8. Dimensional Numbers and their Physical Significance
6.9. Characteristics Length or Equivalent Diameter
6.10. Model Studies and Similitude
6.10.1. Model and Similitude
6.10.2. Similitude
7) FORCED CONVECTION
7.1. Laminar Flow over Flat Plates,
7.1.1. Introduction to boundary Layer
7.1.1.1. Boundary Layer Definition and Characteristics
7.1.2. Momentum equation for hydrogen
7.1.3. Belasis (exact) solution for laminar boundary
7.1.4. Van-Karman integral momentum equation (Approximate hydro-dynamic boundary layer analysis)
7.1.5. Thermal boundary Layer
7.1.6. Energy equation of thermal boundary layer over a flat plate
7.1.7. Integral energy equation (Approximate solution of energy equation)
7.2. Laminar Tube Flow
7.2.1. Development of boundary layer
7.2.2. Velocity distribution
7.2.3. Temperature distribution
7.3. Introduction
7.3.1. Turbulent boundary layer
7.3.2. Total drag due to laminar and turbulent layers
7.3.3. Reynolds analog
7.4. Turbulent Tube Flow
7.5. Empirical Correlations
7.5.1. Laminar flow over flat plates and walls
7.5.2. Laminar flow inside tubes
7.5.3. Turbulent flow over flat plate
7.5.4. Turbulent flow in tubes
7.5.5. Turbulent flow over cylinders
7.5.6. Turbulent flow over spheres
7.5.7. Flow across bluff objects
7.5.8. Flow through packed beds
7.5.9. Flow across a bank of tubes
7.5.10. Liquid metal heat transfer
8) FREE CONVECTION
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Characteristics Parameters in Free Convection
8.3. Momentum and Energy Equation for Laminar Free Convection Heat Transfer on a Flat Plate
8.4. Integral Equations for Momentum and Energy on a Flat Plate
8.4.1. Velocity and temperature profiles on a vertical flat plate
8.4.2. Solution of integral equation for vertical flat plate
8.4.3. Free convection heat transfer coefficient for a vertical flat plate
8.5. Transition and Turbulence in Free Convection
8.6. Empirical Correlations for Free Convection
8.6.1. Vertical Plates and cylinders
8.6.2. Horizontal cylinders
8.6.3. Horizontal Cylinders
8.6.4. Inclined plates
8.6.5. Spheres
8.6.6. Enclosed spaces
8.6.7. Concentric cylinder space
8.6.8. Concentric spheres space
8.7. Simplified Free Convection for Free Convection
8.8. Combined Free and Forced Convection
8.8.1. External flows
8.8.2. Internal flows
9) BOILING AND CONDENSATION
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Boiling Heat Transfer
9.2.1. General aspects
9.2.2. Boiling regimes
9.2.3. Bubble shape and size consideration
9.2.4. Bubble growth and collapse
9.2.5. Critical Diameter of bubble
9.2.6. Factors affecting nucleate boiling
9.2.7. Boiling correlations
9.2.7.1. Nucleate pool boiling
9.2.7.2. Critical heat flux for nucleate pool boiling
9.2.7.3. Film pool boiling
9.3. Condensation Heat Transfer
9.3.1. General aspects
9.3.2. Laminar film condensation on a vertical plate
9.3.3. Turbulent film condensation
9.3.4. Film condensation on horizontal tubes
9.3.5. Film condensation inside horizontal tubes
9.3.6. Influence of the presence of non-considerable gases
10) HEAT EXCHANGES
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Types of heat Exchanges
10.3. Heat Exchangers Analysis
10.4. Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD)
10.4.1. Logarithmic Mean temperature difference for parallel-flow
10.4.2. Logarithmic Mean temperature difference
For counter-flow
10.5. Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
10.6. Correction Factors for Multi-pass Arrangements
10.7. Heat Exchangers Effectiveness and Numbers of Transfer Units (NTU)
10.8. Pressure Drop and Pumping Power
10.9. Evaporators
PART III : HEAT TRANSFER BY “RADIATION”
11) THERMAL RADIATION-BASIC RELATION
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Surface Emission Properties
11.3. Abortively, Reflectively, and Transmissivily
11.4. Concepts of a Black body
11.5. The Stefan-Boltzmann Law
11.6. Kirchhoff’s Law
11.7. Planck’s Law
11.8. Wien Displacement Law
11.9. Intensity of Radiation and Lamberts Cosine Law
11.9.1. Intensity of Radiation
11.9.2. Lamberts cousin law
12) RADIATION EXCHANGE BETWEEN SURFACES
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Radiation Exchange between Black Bodies Separated by an a Non-absorbing Medium
12.3. Shape Factor Algebra and Salient Features of the Shape Factors
12.4. Heat Exchange between Non-Black Bodies
12.4.1. Infinite parallel planes
12.4.2. Infinite long concentric cylinders
12.4.3. Small gray bodies
12.4.4. Small body in a large enclosure
12.5. Electric Network Analogy for Thermal Radiation System
12.6. Radiation Heat Exchange for Three Gray Surfaces
12.7. Radiation Heat Exchange for Two Black Surfaces Connected by a Single Refractory Surface
12.8 Radiation Heat Exchange for Two Gray
Surfaces Connected by a Single Refractory Surface
12.9. Radiation Heat Exchange for Four Black Surfaces
12.10. Radiation Heat Exchange for Four Gray
Surfaces
12.11. Radiation Shield
12.12. Coefficient of Radiant Heat Transfer and Radiation Combined with Convection
12.13. Error in Temperature Measurement due to Radiation
12.14 Radiation from Gases, Vapors’ and Flames
PART IV: MASS TRANSFER
13) MASS TRANSFER
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Models of Mass Transfer
13.3. Concentration, Velocities and Fluxes
13.3.1. Concentrations
13.3.2. Velocities
13.3.3. Fluxes
13.4. Flicks Laws
13.5. General Mass Diffusion Equation in Stationary Media
13.6. Steady-State Diffusion in common Geometries
13.6.1. Steady state diffusion through a plane membrane
13.6.2. Steady state diffusion through a cylindrical shell
13.6.3. Steady state diffusion through a spherical shell
13.7. Steady-State Equimolar Counter Diffusion
13.8. Steady-State Unidirectional Diffusion (state diffusion through a stagnant gas film
13.9. Steady –state Diffusion in Liquid
13.10. Transient Mss Diffusion in Semi-finite Stationary Medium
13.11. Mass Transfer Co-efficient
13.12. Convective Mass Transfer
13.13. Correlations for Connective Mass Transfer
13.14. Reynolds and Colburn Analogies for Mass Transfer –Combined Heat and Mass Transfer
14)UNIVERSITIES QUESTIONS